Statistical Concept

Concept 1: Test of independence (Chi-square)

The independence test Chi-square allows us to determine whether there is a relationship between two categorical variables. It should be stressed that this test tells us whether there is a relationship between variables, but does not indicate the degree or type of relationship, that is, does not indicate the percentage of influence of one variable on another variable or causing influence (Greenwood & Nikulin, 1996). A chi-square test is used with you have variables that are categorical rather than continuous.

The data I created is on the basis of questions ask by 54 respondents that how they enjoy the sports of tennis. Either by watching on TV, watching at the stadium or by playing themselves. After collecting the data, I used SPSS and run Chi-Square test.

Mode

Number of Respondents

Play

13

Watch on TV

17

Watch at stadium

24

Chi-Square Test

Frequencies

Number who preferred mode of enjoying tennis

Observed N

Expected N

Residual

Play

13

18.0

-5.0

Watch on TV

17

18.0

-1.0

Watch at stadium

24

18.0

6.0

Total

54

Test Statistics

Number who preferred mode of enjoying tennis

Chi-Square

3.444a

df

2

Asymp. Sig.

.179

a. 0 cells (.0%) have expected frequencies less than 5. The minimum expected cell frequency is 18.0.

Weight data file by number of cases

The data in this exercise were already weighted because the number of people preferring the mode of enjoying tennis was provided. However, to assure proper weighting, I selected Number of respondents who prefer different modes of enjoying tennis as 'weight cases by' for the test.

Conduct a one-sample chi-squared test

a) Frequency preferring watch tennis at the stadium is 24

b) p value is p < .179

c) X2 valueX2(2, N = 54) = 3.44

Expected frequency for each category

Since N = 54 and there were 3 categories, watching on TV, watching at the stadium or by playing themselves, then the expected frequency for each category would be 54/3 = 18, also shown in the frequency table.

A one-sample chi-squared test was run to determine if ...