INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS

Post-colonialism, Race and Culture in International Relations

Introduction

Among the many political and social changes that took place ensuing World War II the colonial states declared their independence. As Samuel Huntington describes in "Political Order in Changing Societies" these communities faced many hardships and are still undergoing the difficulties associated with gaining independence. Tension becomes increasingly severe with the topics of ethnicity, language, region, tradition, and religion. Turmoil regarding these issues ultimately undermines political stability and the ability of new states to effectively govern citizens through a legitimate political institution. The fundamental challenges that new states face are extensive social change accompanied by rapid modernization; especially when insufficient concern is given for establishing firm political institutions.

Contemporary global political order describable in terms of 'Empire'

"Empire" used as theoretical sources a large variety of theories (some would say that one of the deficits of the book is that the texts talk to each other in an autonomous in excess, which is missing, dramatically, the empirical data to support their hypothesis). A major source is the Marxist theory, although complicated to use two strands together. The first encompasses everything that has to do with the subjectivity of the working class. Another critical theoretical source are the theories of Michel Foucault and its continuation through Gilles Deleuze about disciplinary societies as producers of subjectivity. Negri & Hardt also come in search of answers to the whole tradition of Western political philosophy (especially Machiavelli, Spinoza, Aristotle and Polybius.

This means that the perpetrators are not brought on the basis of the responses they gave to the questions were formulated: on the contrary are brought as a heuristic for questioning on the basis of our problems and prospects, which means the risk of arbitrary interpretation. "queer studies", etc). Finally, a minor source but conspicuously present throughout the text are "papers" of the subculture of progressive U.S. university ("cultural studies", postmodern and various feminisms, queer studies, etc).

A major problem found in the text is the use of retrospective arguments to prove the thesis of a post-imperial stage today. Negri & Hardt found throughout the twentieth century and beyond, anticipations of his thesis. The problem we see in the argument is that you never realize how far it is legitimate to hold back what they say. A completely heterogeneous set of facts used to show that everything pointed to the Empire: Lenin would have slipped it implicitly (as Negri & Hardt in the form "communist revolution or Empire), the" new deal "Roosevelt was a anticipation of the Empire (p. 248). The American republic itself in its origin is not exempt from being a precursor of the Empire and so on. Similarly, all acts contrary to his thesis are subsumed as imperialism residues persist in the present stage.

Differences between Hardt and Negri's

"Empire" has been defined by its most enthusiastic admirers as "the Communist Manifesto of the century". At the same time, its publication has been celebrated by many major media core countries (the "New York Times" for example) that ...