DIABETES MELLITUS

Case Study Report on Diabetes Mellitus

[Name of student]

Case Study Report on Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes Mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a medical condition, caused by the deficiency of insulin or when the body stops responding to the produced insulin leading to abnormal response of fuel hormone. This abnormal response of fuel hormones causes the decrement in storage as well as utilization of fuels which results in the rise in the levels of glucose, ketones and fatty acids in the blood stream. Diabetes results when the beta cells of pancreas produce insufficient insulin, the site which behaves as receptor of insulin on the surface of liver, muscle tissues malfunctions or by metabolic defects. The two most common forms of diabetes are

Type1 diabetes (T1D), previously called insulin dependent diabetes (IDDM) or juvenile onset diabetes. This type of diabetes usually occurs in children or adolescents and is caused by genetic and the environmental risk factors. T1D represents approximately 10% of the diabetes cases with occurrence probability of less than one percent in the whole world's population. Destruction of the beta cells of pancreas by the auto-immune system results in T1D. Currently lifelong insulin therapy is the only available treatment of T1D.

Type2 diabetes (T2D), previously called non-insulin dependent diabetes (NIDDM). T2D commonly occurs in people aged over 40 and is the most common form of disease constituting 90 percent of all diabetes cases. It is caused by insufficient or relatively impaired secretion of insulin and due to the formation of insulin resistance in a human body. T2D is controlled with proper diet, maintaining physical fitness and sometimes through external insulin injection.

Discussion

Insulin dependent diabetes mellitus and renal failure

According to the give case study, Christopher was diagnosed with diabetes at the age of 12, which is proved be insulin dependent diabetes. Initially for many years, Christopher showed no signs of renal complications, however, when he was 35, he developed the symptoms of renal complications related of diabetes. The linkage of kidney disease with Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM) is not new to medical science. Almost 30 percent of IDDM patients eventually suffer from kidney failures or end stage renal diseases (ESRD) (Bhatraju, P. 2008, pp. 978-979). The positive test result of protein presence in Christopher's urine was one of the earliest symptoms of kidney disease later confirmed by the serum creatinine test, which is used for detecting renal dysfunction. Also, the fact that Christopher's blood pressure level was difficult to control is also a symptom of developing a kidney disease.

Kidney disease, also known as diabetic nephropathy, is a micro-vascular complication of the diabetes, which results when blood vessels suffer damage including the vessels in the kidney. The elevated level of glucose damages the kidney tissues and the blood vessels resulting in the malfunctioning of kidney. Diabetic nephropathy develops gradually beginning from the albuminuria. Albuminuria is a medical condition in which kidney excretes more protein than normal in the urine, particularly albumin. Micro-albuminuria, a type of albuminuria in which albumin excretion is between 30 to 300 mg/day causes no symptoms of ...