LABOR LAWS

Labor Laws



Labor Laws

Introduction

As in Western countries, the emphasis in the legal regulation of labor shifted to local control (within the industries and enterprises), collective agreements stand as an equal or almost equal legislative power of labor law, and in some countries, their importance in the legal regulation of labor exceeds the role of legislation (Solomon & Murphy, 2000).

The term labor refers to human beings' physical and mental services or work of any kind. Unlike other animals, human beings cannot get food, shelter, and other necessities directly from nature, and therefore they need to modify nature. The effort of modifying nature is known as labor. Although labor has been an important issue in human history since time immemorial, it has become more important today in the era of globalization, especially in the context of green food. There are different kinds of labor, such as wage labor (in which people sell their labor to their employers in exchange for wage or money), child labor (when children under a certain age determined by a country's law or custom sell their labor), bonded labor (in which a person must work for somebody to pay debt), indentured labor (when people work for a limited term specified in a signed contract), manual labor (physical work), and un-free labor (slave labor, for example), and so forth. In the production and processing of green food, labor has become a very crucial issue.

Discussion

The system of collective agreements in force in each country is a combination of so-called large-scale factory and collective bargaining. In some countries (Germany, France) distributed to the regional collective bargaining agreements, including in its scope of the enterprise within a particular industry or land department.

Unlike the traditional structure of collective and contractual work in the U.S. and European countries was that in the first case was dominated by the factory (branded) collective agreements, while the second - national sectoral agreements, supplemented in some countries agreements. Although this difference remained over the past decade in the structure of collective and contractual regulation of labor has changed. Excessive decentralization of collective bargaining in the United States and its excessive centralization in the European countries have entered into conflict with modern economic and social conditions, especially with the demands of scientific and technological progress. Hence, the opposite trend: in the U.S. - to centralize, in European countries - toward decentralization. Obviously, the optimal structure of the collective and contractual regulation of labor is somewhere in the middle between the American and European models (Smith, 1976).

Currently, all western countries there is a certain combination of centralized and decentralized collective and contractual regulation of labor, and the ratio between these two models of collective and contractual regulation of highly mobile and dependent on many industrial, economic and social factors. Typical for many Western countries, collective bargaining agreement - is a lengthy document, which has very rich on the content of the normative part.

Issues of wages and salaries are (tariff rates, allowances, fringe benefits), working time, rest ...