Critical Analysis of Nursing Article

Critical Analysis of Nursing Article

Critical Analysis of Nursing Article

Introduction

Breast cancerous diseaseous diseaseous diseaseous disease is a convoluted phenotypically diverse genetic infection, involving a kind of changes in gene expression and structure. Recent improvement in molecular profiling technology have made large progress in unravelling the molecular taxonomy of breast cancer, which has shed new lightweightweight on the aetiology of the disease and furthermore proclaimed large potential for the development of innovative biomarkers and therapeutic targets. Mi(cro)RNAs are a contemporary class of small noncoding endogenous RNA molecules, developing great excitement in the clinical and technical communities. The recent breakthrough that miRNA expression is frequently dysregulated in cancerous diseaseous disease has uncovered an solely new repertoire of molecular factors upstream of gene sign, which warrants comprehensive investigation to further elucidate their accurate function in malignancy. We present a comprehensive and timely reconsider of the role of miRNAs in cancerous disease: speaking to miRNA function, their putative role as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, with a particular focus on breast cancerous disease throughout.

Background

Patients with breast anomalies should undergo imaging procedures to try and characterize the tumor. Diagnostic mammography is an important tool for diagnosing breast cancer, especially in non-dense breasts. Ultrasounds and MRI can also be used. If a tumor is found with these techniques, a cytological or a histological confirmation is needed. Pathological analysis of the tumor through needle biopsy or surgical biopsy is important.

The pTNM classification is used to stage the disease according to the size of the tumor (pT), the number of lymph nodes involved (pN), and the existence or not of distant metastases. Very early breast cancer is called carcinoma in situ, which means the disease is contained in either the breast duct or the lobule. For invasive breast cancers, the disease is divided into four stages (stages I-IV) based on how far the disease has spread to other parts of the body (stage I: the tumor is contained with the breast and is smaller than 2 cm; stage II: the tumor is larger than 2 cm and/or has spread to less than 4 lymph nodes under the arm; stage III: the cancer has spread to other lymph nodes or other tissues near the breast; and stage IV: the cancer has spread to distant organs of the body).

For early breast cancer, surgery is one of the bases of treatment. Breast conserving surgery is frequently offered to patients, if feasible. If mastectomy is performed (large tumors, inflammatory disease, patient's choice), patients should be offered reconstruction. Homolateral axillary lymphadenectomy should be performed to aid in determining prognosis and treatment options. Lymphatic mapping and sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy are still being evaluated. The principle of SLN is to do complete axillary dissection only in patients with positive SLN, avoiding complete lymphadenectomy's complications in patients with no axillary involvement.

Radiotherapy is also an important part of breast cancer treatment. Postoperative whole breast irradiation with or without a boost to the tumor bed is given to patients who have had breast-conserving ...