Venous Thromboembolism

Venous Thromboembolism

Introduction

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) is an infectious syndrome that comprises both (PE) pulmonary embolism and0 (DVT) deep vein thrombosis. The disorder is lethal and very common among general population, affecting both hospitalized and non-hospitalized patients (Broce, 2007). Moreover, the disorder is often overlooked as it frequently reappears and results in complications that are long-term including PTS - Post Thrombotic Syndrome and CTPH - Chronic Thromboembolic Pulmonary Hypertension.

Venous thromboembolism occurs from an amalgamation of acquired and hereditary risk factors. These factors of risk are also known as the state of hypercoagulable or thrombophilia. Moreover, the fundamental bases for the occurrence of thrombosis are factors of increased activation of clotting, damage of vessel wall, and venous stasis. Moreover, this could be better understood in simple terms as if the glass breaks, the system, known as homeostasis allow blood to flow through the blood vessels, preventing access to the outdoors, and stopping the bleed by forming blood clot to limited area, which forms a condition of ??vascular damage.

The risk of deep vein thrombosis (VTE) accompanies all surgical cases. Patients undergoing surgery for colorectal cancer are at risk for deep vein thrombosis and its potentially most dangerous fatal pulmonary embolism with such an effect. Surgeons cannot underestimate the importance of venous thromboembolism because the incidence of pulmonary embolism in the surgical patient population is less than 2%, with death in half of the cases. However, pulmonary embolism is the most common cause of death in hospitalized patients, and many of the cases of pulmonary embolism occur without prior symptoms of deep vein thrombosis.

Discussion

Venous thromboembolism (VTE) continues to be one of the key clinical issues that are necessary to solve medical practitioners. The term venous thromboembolism includes deep vein thrombosis (DVT), pulmonary artery, and its branches (PE).

Illustration of how relevant this clinical problem is the statistics published in the United States, where every year is diagnosed with some form of venous thromboembolism over 100 per 100 thousand populations. The real figure is much higher incidence. A significant number of cases are not diagnosed, as the proof of this is the results of the autopsy that show the presence of VTE. According to statistics, VTE is the cause of 10% of deaths in the hospital. It is notable that if the patient survives, the mortality for three years after the first episode of venous thromboembolism ranges from 19 to 30% (Broce, 2007). The basis of the path physiology of VTE is Virchow triad - congestion, damage to the endothelium of blood vessels and increase blood viscosity.

Speaking of risk factors (RF) for VTE should draw a clear line between the innate and acquired factors. Very often, the presence of multiple risk factors plays a fatal role in the occurrence of VTE. Patients with congenital FR usually diagnosed with a VTE at a young age. Relapse in this group of patients are common. To congenital factors, include

Leiden mutation (the most common pathology)

Prothrombin gene mutation

Lack of protein S

Lack of protein C

Lack of ...