TO MODIFY A NON FLEXIBLE-FUEL VEHICLE TO FFVS

To modify a non flexible-Fuel vehicle to FFVs

Table of contents

CHAPTER I4

Introduction4

A. Background of the Study4

B. Objectives of the study5

C. Conceptual Framework6

D. Significance of the Study7

E. Definition of terms8

CHAPTER II10

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES10

A. Local Literature10

History10

B. Foreign Literature12

Foreign Studies14

Local Studies18

Evaporative Emissions21

The Auto/Oil Air Quality22

CHAPTER III- PROCEDURES AND METHODOLOGY24

A. Research design24

Light-Duty Emission Testing Methodology24

Test Fuels24

Procedures25

Test Procedures25

Published Emission Testing Studies26

Sources of Data27

EPA Certification Database27

Data Gathering Instruments29

CHAPTER IV- PRESENTATION AND INTERPRETATION34

Results34

Analysis of Emissions Results37

Toxicity and Ozone-Forming Potential of Organic Emissions42

Analysis of Variance46

CHAPTER V52

Summary Of Findings52

REFERENCES56

CHAPTER I

Introduction

A. Background of the Study

The internal combustion engine powered by fossil fuel (gasoline or diesel) is the dominant form of propulsion for motor vehicles, this despite the fact that significant efforts have been made to develop both an alternative fuel source and engines which will run on these fuels for an extended period of time. Alternative power sources have a long history of development. Many factors have motivated this development. One of the earliest reasons for developing alternative fuels and engine systems has been based on efforts to remove reliance on traditional fuel sources. More recently attention has been focused on the reduction of greenhouse gases which are known to contribute to global warming. These driving forces have increased the pace of the development efforts and research studies related to alternative fuel systems.

B. Objectives of the study

The main objective of the study is to use and convert the non FFV into FFV. Some examples of alternative fuels include natural gas, hydrogen and bio-fuels such as ethanol. As a fuel ethanol has proven very attractive. Today ethanol blend fuels and he engines capable of running on ethanol blends range from E0 (today's typical gasoline having no ethanol content) to E85 (having 85% ethanol content with 15% gasoline content). Ethanol can be produced readily from certain grain crops, particularly corn. The use of ethanol also reduces the production of greenhouse gases since it is a renewable source of fuel with a CO2 neutral cycle. Ethanol has a high potential to become economically more beneficial over today's widely available fuels.

C. Conceptual Framework

As a fuel, ethanol has long shown a significant potential as a substitute for conventional gasoline. Today's fuel standards (e. g., ASTM D4814) allow up to 10% ethanol content for regular gasoline and also in the use of E85. Accordingly, flexible fuel vehicles (FFV), which can run on fuels up to E85 ethanol content, are already in several markets around the world. However, because of the lack of fuel infrastructure and the consequential failure of fuel availability, flexible fuel vehicles failed to take advantage of fuel flexibility. One of the obstacles to wider acceptance by the end user has been the reduction in usable vehicle range (reduced heating value) and the lack of tax reductions on the price of bio-fuels at the fuel service center.

D. Significance of the Study

As a fuel, ethanol has long shown a significant potential as a substitute for conventional ...