Scientific Inquiry

Scientific Inquiry

Scientific Method

The scientific method consists of the procedures and framework in which science is practiced and the way in which forensic scientists approach their analyses. Some critical characteristics of the scientific method are that it is objective (versus subjective), is based on experiment, observation, and fact, includes testable ideas, and is quantitative. Science is also fluid in that current theories are constantly open to study, revision, and review (Shavelson, 2003). 

As shown in the flow diagram below, the first step in the process is the collection of initial data either by experiments (empirical data) or by observation. This data is then analyzed, and, based on this, a hypothesis is offered. If no reasonable hypothesis can be made, then the cycle jumps back to the beginning for the collection of additional information. The scientific approach is analytical (Stangor, 2010). Complex events are analyzed into relevant variables; relationships among these variables are investigated; and theories consistent with the empirical results are created and critically evaluated (Kosso, 2011). 

After that data is collected using an assortment of options. An alternative research strategy is the use of surveys, questionnaires, and structured interviews. Subjects knowingly participate as research participants and provide the data in response to specific questions. The questions can be presented in writing (e.g., an attitude survey or personality test) or orally (e.g., an individual IQ test or public opinion poll). The quality of the data depends on the cooperation and honesty of the subjects, as well as on the quality of the questions asked. Survey techniques allow for the collection of large amounts of data under fairly standardized conditions (Stangor, 2010).

Next step in the scientific method involves a critical approach to data analysis and interpretation. Issues of observer bias (the researcher who only sees or emphasizes the results that are consistent with a theory), subject bias (the subject who cooperates with the researcher ...