RESEARCH PLAN

Research Plan

Chapter 1: Introduction

Prostate cancerous infection extends to be the most often diagnosed neoplasm, and the second premier origin of cancer-related death in men. The origin of this infection is not well understood; although, certain components are routinely connected to its development. Nonmodifiable risk components encompass age, rush, and genetic/family history; diet is a modifiable risk factor. (Pinchuk 2002)

Oxidative stress is an inescapable outcome of aerobic life. Growing clues shows that the cumulative output of reactive oxygen (ROS) and nitrogen species (RNS) through either endogenous or exogenous abuses performances a foremost function in the aging method and age-related infections for example prostate cancer. Oxygen radicals are affiliated with distinct steps of carcinogenesis, either through functional DNA impairment, interaction with oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes or immunological mechanisms. In supplement, oxygen radicals may furthermore origin the formation of DNA adducts obscurely by starting autocatalytic lipid peroxidation, which develops a large kind of possibly genotoxic breakdown goods, encompassing alkoxyl (RO ), peroxyl radicals (ROO ), and aldehyde, for example malondaildehyde (MDA)  and. As a outcome, the DNA is certainly being impaired and oxidatively changed  and. The oxidative hydroxylation of guanine in the 8-position is the most common and most mutagenic lesion in atomic DNA. This lesion directs to a need of groundwork pairing specificity and misreading of the changed groundwork and adjacent residues. Any oxidative lesion that is not fixed can lead to mutations, expanding the risk of carcinogenesis. (Ziouzenkova 1998)

Moreover, the span of ROS-induced oxidative impairment can be exacerbated by a declined effectiveness of antioxidant protecting against mechanisms. Endogenous defenses contrary to reactive oxygen species (ROS) encompass antioxidant enzymes such as: glutathione peroxidase (GPX, EC 1.11.1.9), catalase (CAT, EC 1.11.1.6), and superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD, EC 1.15.1.1).

In a preceding study, we discovered an expanded lipid peroxidation with a concomitant decline in GPX and CuZn-SOD undertakings in the prostate cancerous infection patients. On the cornerstone of these outcomes, we attempted the present study with larger-scale trials in two distinct nations (Turkey and Macedonia) in alignment to affirm the alteration in the prooxidant-antioxidant balance in prostate cancerous infection in both populations by measuring: erythrocyte malondialdehyde (MDA) concentrations, erythrocyte undertakings of copper zinc superoxide dismutase (CuZn-SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX). In supplement, in this study, we encompassed a estimation of nitrosative stress-related parameters such as: plasma nitrite/nitrate (NO2-/NO3-) and cGMP (cyclic guanosine monophosphate) grades, as signs of nitric oxide metabolism, as well as concentrations of 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG), as a biomarker of oxidative DNA damage. (Regnstrom 1993)

 

Research hypothesis

Almost all prostate cancerous infection patients are older than 50 yrs and under highly oxidative stress. The oxidative stress rises the risk of genes mutation, in supplement to reduced grade of androgen hormones. Therefore there are two advances of this hypothesis:

1-   The early decline in the oxidative stress through antioxidant intake by older age persons will assist in decline of prostate cancerous infection situations “prevention therapy”

2-   When we start to heal the prostate cancerous infection patients with androgen receptor blocker, I hypothesize there is ...