REDUCTION OF ABDOMINAL OBESITY BY EXERCISES

Reduction of Abdominal Obesity by Exercises



Table of Contents

Introduction3

Critical Review of Biopsychosocial Factors4

Pathophysiologic Aspects8

Psychosocial Factors and Their Impact on Obese Patients10

Depressive Symptoms11

Treating the Patient with Patient Health Questionnaire (Phq-9)12

Social Construction and Framing of the Obesity Problem13

Exercise Treatment for Obese15

Paediatric Obesity and Musculoskeletal Injuries19

Management of Obesity23

Fitness Scores26

Conclusion27

Reduction of Abdominal Obesity by Exercises

Introduction

Obesity is commonly defined as severely overweight. This verbal definition is complemented by a quantitative specification of the boundaries between underweight, normal weight, overweight, and obesity. The World Health Organization (WHO) and most experts in this field refer to the body mass index (BMI) as a simple indicator relating the weight of an individual to his or her height. BMI is defined as the weight in kilograms (w), divided by the square of the height (h) in meters (kg/m2). To give an example in both standard and metric units: An adult who weighs 170 pounds (77 kg) and whose height is 6 feet (1.828 m) will have a BMI of 23.0:

BMI = 77 kg/ (1.828 m) 2 = 77/3.341584 = 23.0 kg/m2.

The person in the previous example with a BMI of 23.0 is of normal weight. The same person would be classified as overweight and pre-obese (BMI = 25.1) with a weight of 185 pounds (83.9 kg) and as obese (BMI = 30.1) with a weight of 221 pounds (100.24 kg).

Anyone not familiar with their own BMI or with the metric units or without a calculator at hand can use one of the many online BMI calculators that make it easy to determine this index using both standard and metric units (Centres for Disease Control and Prevention 2007, 90). The measurement of body mass index (BMI) is widely used to define healthy weight, overweight, and obesity (Gould, 2001, 33-48). BMI is the amount of body fatness based on weight divided by the square of height. For example, an adult who weighs 120 lbs and stands 5 feet tall would have a BMI of 23.4. For adults, a BMI between 18.5 to 24.9 would place the adult in a healthy weight range and a BMI over 30 defines obesity. BMI is also used to determine weight parameters in children 2 to 20 years of age; however, after the BMI is calculated, the value is then plotted on a centre for Disease Control and Prevention gender-specific growth chart to ascertain a percentile ranking. A child with a percentile ranking between the 5th and 85th percentile would be in a healthy weight range. A child with a BMI greater than the 95th percentile would be defined as obese (Gould, 2001, 33-48). Though use of BMI parameters to define weight is currently widespread, the subjective meaning of overweight and obesity varies greatly depending on the ethnicity of the individual. How an individual and his or her family define overweight and obesity has major implications for their perception and management of these conditions and should be considered with families of all ethnicities.

Critical Review of Biopsychosocial Factors

Obesity is a growing ...