PREVENTION FOR COCAINE ABUSE

Two Pathway Model of Prevention for Cocaine Abuse

Abstract

This is a review of the relevant empirical literature concerning the DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria for PTSD. Most of this work has focused on Criteria A1 and A2, the two components of the A (Stressor) Criterion. With regard to A1, the review considers: (a) whether A1 is etiologically or temporally related to the PTSD symptoms; (b) whether it is possible to distinguish “traumatic” from “non-traumatic” stressors; and (c) whether A1 should be eliminated from DSM-5. Empirical literature regarding the utility of the A2 criterion indicates that there is little support for keeping the A2 criterion in DSM-5. The B (reexperiencing), C (avoidance/numbing) and D (hyperarousal) criteria are also reviewed. Confirmatory factor analyses suggest that the latent structure of PTSD appears to consist of four distinct symptom clusters rather than the three-cluster structure found in DSM-IV. It has also been shown that in addition to the fear-based symptoms emphasized in DSM-IV, traumatic exposure is also followed by dysphoric, anhedonic symptoms, aggressive/externalizing symptoms, guilt/shame symptoms, dissociative symptoms, and negative appraisals about oneself and the world. A new set of diagnostic criteria is proposed for DSM-5 that: (a) attempts to sharpen the A1 criterion; (b) eliminates the A2 criterion; (c) proposes four rather than three symptom clusters; and (d) expands the scope of the B-E criteria beyond a fear-based context. The final sections of this review consider: (a) partial/subsyndromal PTSD; (b) disorders of extreme stress not otherwise specified (DESNOS)/complex PTSD; (c) cross- cultural factors; (d) developmental factors; and (e) subtypes of PTSD. Depression and Anxiety 0:1-20, (Barrett, 2005).

Table of Contents

TABLE OF CONTENTS3

PART I: COCAINE ABUSE DISORDERS RISK FACTORS4

Problems and Outcomes of the Risk Pathway5

Malleable Risk Factors7

Methods of Intervention (Intervention Pathway)8

Changes in Problems and Outcomes Resulting from Intervention9

PART II: NARCISSISM RISK FACTORS11

Problems and Outcomes of the Risk Pathway12

Risk that can predict drug abuse12

Malleable Risk Factors14

Methods of Intervention (Intervention Pathway)15

Changes in Problems and Outcomes Resulting from Intervention17

CONCLUSION18

REFERENCES19

Part I: Cocaine abuse Disorders Risk Factors

The consumption of alcohol and other cocaine among adolescents in developed societies is a common problem. The research studies in the field of consumer mo of cocaine in the last decade, notes that the age of early experimentation with psychoactive cocaine has decreased. However, overall numbers of cocaine-consumption gas is rare below the age of 12 observers is a peak significant increase in adolescence. As the adolescent stage of development where they are formed ma individual identity and development occurs to the different social roles and individual, it is easy to understand how in this period is common for adolescents to experience with a wide range of attitudes and behavior among which includes the consumption of psychoactive cocaine. The cocaine most used by teens are alcoholics and nicotine, followed by marijuana. In recent years has seen an increase in cocaine use in this population group, followed by designer cocaine, stimulants TES amphetamines and tranquilizers. Inhalants are at the first Firstly in marginal environments. Other cocaine that have experienced a population increase are opiates ...