Phenomenology Review

Phenomenology Review

Introduction

A contribution to the complex of ideas clustered under the term interpretivism was the development of phenomenology. The term is used with various meanings and interpretations and has been developed in diverse ways in different social science disciplines. It owes a huge debt to the work of Alfred Schutz (1972) who argued that, rather than simply receive external stimuli as disordered chaotic reality, humans order and categorise information as it is received by the senses. In other words, we immediately try to make sense of, and typify, what we see and hear, and to associate sets of typified things with others, into categories and sub-categories. In the social world, this leads humans (including sociologists) to organise people into types of people, to distinguish them from other types of people, and to expect certain types of behaviour from each. These typifications and understandings then affect subsequent behaviour. Schutz's ideas have informed later work in ethnomethodology (Garfinkel, 1967) and the work of social constructionists such as Peter Berger and Thomas Luckmann (1967). Methodologically, the implications are the focus on everyday social experiences, on the way social reality is produced through interaction, on the daily meanings people attach to actions, and on the individual in society rather than on external structures. Phenomenologists also explore the way categorisations and typifications are taken-for-granted and seen as natural and inevitable. It is easy to see how these approaches lend themselves to ethnographic methods.

An interconnected unity of principles and procedures essential givens of primary research experience - phenomena. The principles of the phenomenological method of pre-determined task of phenomenology to radically transform philosophy into a universal "rigorous science" that is capable of being on the apodictic judgment. The phenomenological method finds its application not only in philosophy but in psychology, psychiatry, sociology and other disciplines.

According to Husserl, the phenomenological method is carried out exclusively in the reflection of consciousness on their own "life." Mastery of this reflection suggests a transition to a particular theoretical "position", which was called the phenomenological attitude. The basic procedure of reflective, component framework of phenomenological methodology can be presented in the form of three very closely related points. With the help of the phenomenological epoch and the reduction we have secured access to methodologically study subjects, revealing the scope of immanent experience. Consistent implementation of reductions leading to further "clarification" of the sphere, until it is a priori grounds, detected as the absolute foundation of all real. The discretion of the entity, or ideation , is intuitive (and at the same time, rational) reduced by the development within the spheres. In ideation extracted "pure essence" of objects of experience.

As noted by Husserl, the phenomenological reduction ideation and are "the basic form of all the special techniques of transcendental." Open to the phenomenological intuition should be recorded as it was given, ie purely descriptive (descriptive). Thus, the phenomenological method is descriptive, not causally explanatory in nature. However, "pure description as" a significant problem, since the description of the need to ...