MIRANDA

Miranda

Miranda

Physical Evidence

Laying the Foundation

Authenication or identification process in laying the foundation for the object. ways to accomplish this would include1. Indication of a witness having first hand knowledge.2. A nonexpert recognizing a persons handwriting and not gaining the knowledge of the handwriting for the rationale of liligation, such as a roommate or spouse.3. Letting the expert or jury compare the object with an example and then decide the legitimacy.4. Distinctive chararistics and surrounding circumstances such as sending a bill to an address and receiving payment from the bill.5. Voice identification that can be learned firsthand or throughb a mechanical or electonic transmission such as a relevision or digital answering device.

B) Six ways of Computer Generated evidence in Trial

Physical evidence is obtained by inspection and direct observation of activities, goods or event, this evidence may take the form of documents, photographs, graphics, pictures, maps and material samples. When physical evidence is crucial for achieving the objectives of internal auditing, must be confirmed by appropriate and timely internal auditors. It can be external or internal to the organization.

External evidence includes, among others, letters, invoices, contracts, external audits and other reports or opinions and confirmations from third parties. The internal evidence are rooted in the organization, including, among others, accounting records, correspondence sent, job descriptions, plans, budgets, internal reports, policies and procedures. The reliability of the documentary evidence must be examined in relation to the objectives of internal auditing. Note that the question of the relevance of physical evidence, and, in some cases, and its reliability is often impossible without examination (Siegel, 2009).

Moreover, if the storage of physical evidence is difficult or related costs for the special storage conditions disproportionate to the value specified items that are likely to be taken the following actions:

1. Photographing or filming a video or film should have the accuracy and it is a major requirement according to what is discovered and changes should be at minimum.

2. The recording of image be in accordance to the authentication process and the witness should demonstrate the fact and assist in it.

3. Identifying each crime scene photograph with a conspicuous card added with each scene that is photographed. Also cross referencing it while presenting the witness with actual evidence.

4. Adding measurable device for the picture such as a small object should be provided with a size. Sizze identification should be appropriate.

5. A photograph that maybe reconstructed or staged should be properly identified. Such pictures are not allowed to provide as an evidence since many believe that it could be misleading however, in many cases it might be used.

6. To guide the courts, there is an importance of chain of possession. It gets easier to attain admittance of evidence which has never left possession of those who have been the one taking the picture.

Miranda

Miranda Requirements

Miranda rule was introduced by the decision of the U.S. Supreme Court in 1966 to ensure the right against self-incrimination. Since then, any information obtained from a detainee during interrogation before he was read his rights, ...