Gerrymandering

Election fraud is the form of border demarcation (redistribution) that are deliberately district or constituency boundaries changed for electoral purposes, which produces the twisting or unusual way. District is now called gerrymandering; however, that word can also refer to process.

Gerrymandering can be used to achieve desired results for the party election in particular, or can be used to help or hinder the particular group of components, such as the group of political, racial, linguistic, and religious or class.

When used to claim that one party is gaining disproportionate power, electoral fraud term has negative connotations. However, the gerrymander can also be used for purposes that some perceive as positive, especially in U.S. federal limitsvoting district that produce the part of the minority electoral districts with African-American or other in most (these are so-called "majority-minority districts").

Word gerrymander (originally written Gerry commander) was used for first time in Boston Gazette on March 26, 1812. word was created in response to the redefinition of electoral districts in state of Massachusetts in Senate, then Governor Elbridge Gerry. In 1812, Governor Gerry signed the bill to redistrict Massachusetts, on behalf of Democratic-Republican Party. When assigned, the twisted districts in Boston area are said to resemble shape of the salamander. Exact author of term gerrymander cannot be definitively established. It is widely believed by historians that Federalist newspaper editors Nathan Hale, Benjamin Russell and John were instigators, but historical record gives no definitive proof that you created or pronounce word for first time. Term was an acronym of surnames of governor and word salamander.

That comes with term, and helping to disseminate and maintain his popularity, was the political cartoon depicting the strange animal with claws, wings and the dragon head type satirizing district map strangely. This cartoon was drawn by Elkanah Tisdale probably one of early nineteenth century painter, designer and writer living in Boston at time. In addition, Tisdale had also recorded skills to cut woodblocks which printed original cartoon. These wooden blocks to survive and are preserved in Library of Congress. Word gerrymander was reprinted many times in Federalist papers in Massachusetts, New England and nationally in remainder of 1812. This suggests an activity organized by federalists to discredit Governor Gerry, in particular, and Democratic-Republican Party of overall growth. Gerrymandering soon began to be used to describe not only original example of Massachusetts, but in other cases of manipulation of district is to win games in other states. According to Oxford English Dictionary institutionalization of word is completed with its first appearance in the dictionary (1848) and first appearance in an encyclopaedia (1868).

Gerrymandering is used more often in favor of holders ruler or the specific political party. Companies that legislatures use the voting system is only one winner are more likely to have political parties that gerrymander advantage. In particular, electoral fraud is particularly effective in nonproportional systems that tend towards reduction of parties, as first past post.

Most democracies have proportional electoral systems, in part, where several political parties are proportionally represented in national parliaments, ...