THE PROBLEMS OF WORK MOTIVATION

The Problems of Work Motivation in the Twenty-First Century



The problems of work motivation in the twenty-first century

Introduction of motivation

Motivation is the driver for the attainment of the goals. It can be intrinsic and extrinsic. Motivation may be required to fulfill specific basic needs, to increase pleasure, to attain desired objectives or it can be related to less-apparent reasons such as selfishness or mortality. There are several related concepts that are closely related such as stimulus: factor able to produce a reaction; incentive: a stimulus that moves or excites outside the subject to want to do a positive thing; interest: the inclination of the subject to certain securities and / or objectives and learning: to acquire new types of behavior or potential (Storey 1983, 98).

Internal factors: they express the basic aim of living to grow, to develop to evident fullness, and since then we compare ourselves with others to analyze that some are stronger than others. The external factors are mainly educational influences that crystallize in various learning and that are shaping the biological motivational system. Motivation is thus a product of learning, and because of it, it is in a circular process of chance (Buchanan 2004, 379).

There are three main levels of motivation. The first group is associated with an explanation and justification of the choice of the individual areas of professional and labor specialization. The second group of reasons related to the implementation of the individual's prescribed social norms and values. The third group of motives related to the justification of a wide range of alternatives.

Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation

Intrinsic motivation refers to motivation that is driven by an interest or enjoyment in the task itself, and exists within the individual rather than relying on any external pressure. Intrinsic motivation is studied by social and educational psychologists since the early 1970s. Research has found that it is typically associated with high educational achievement and enjoyment by students. The motivation can be increased by attributing one's results to internal factors that one can control (e.g. the amount of effort they put in), by believing that one can be effectual agents in reaching desired goals (i.e. the results are not determined by luck) and are interested in mastering their work (Porter 1968, 1).

Extrinsic motivation comes from outside forces. Common extrinsic motivations are rewards like money and grades, coercion and threat of punishment. Competition is in usual extrinsic because it encourages the performer to win and beat others, not to enjoy the intrinsic rewards of the activity. Social psychological research has indicated that extrinsic rewards can lead to over justification and a subsequent reduction in intrinsic motivation. Self-determination theory proposes that extrinsic motivation can be internalized by the individual if the task fits with their values and beliefs and, therefore, helps to fulfill their basic psychological needs. Transcendent motivation refers to aspects of reality that determine the achievement of learning from other people with whom the decision-maker interacts (Ellemers 2004, ...