During the first half of the 20th century, no research of any consequence existed that would result in concern among English teachers or the general public about the many people in the United States who were not native speakers of English. In 1957, the NCTE sought to interest their Elementary Section in studying the problem of learning ESL in elementary schools, but according to a 1981 NCTE position statement, no action resulted until the publication in 1960 of The National Interest and the Teaching of English as a Second Language, which revealed a dearth of research ...