Teacher's perception of implementing reading program

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW1

Reading Defined1

Approaches for Reading Instruction2

Basal Readers3

Professional Development of teachers5

Teacher perceptions for reading8

Teachers use of individual strategy for students9

Reading Program12

Modeled and Independent Reading13

Assessment practices used for evaluating reading program14

REFERENCES16

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE REVIEW

Reading Defined

Readingis defined as a process that is used for creating meaning because of interaction between the existing knowledge of researchers and the information, which is suggested, by the text and the context of reading situation (Powell, 2010). Based upon this definition the Powell (2010) of Education developed the following three assumptions about reading:

Reading is one component of communication

The characteristics of the reader interact with the characteristics of the reading task

The goal of reading instruction is to develop readers, which help them to read the language flexibly written and are able to process the written language meaning.Assumption number one is based upon the premise that reading is a medium of communication. In other words, reading is considered as the medium of communication between the reader and author.In addition, the first assumption states the meaning constructed by a reader is dependent upon the reason an author writes the readers purpose of reading and understanding the text (Boling, Evans, 2008). Furthermore, Edmunds et al (2009) noted that effective readers think within the text and obtain the basic information to understand what the text is about. Thus, the ability to construct meaning from a variety of texts can be the key component to academic success in the classroom (Slavin et al, 2008). Assumption number two examines how the characteristics of the reader interact with the characteristics of the reading task. This assumption implies that reading is based on vibrant interaction between the internal and external factors linked to readers (Neuman, Wright, 2010). In agreement with Powell, (2010) definition of reading, Gheen, Modarresi (2009) pointed out the act of reading may seem simple; however, reading is a complex, dynamic interaction between the reader, the text, and the content. Brookhart (2008) stated the central idea behind the reading process is that the literary work exists in the transaction between a reader and the text. Assumption number three explores the goal of reading instruction, which is to be to develop fluent, independent readers who are able to process meaning of written language. This assumption implies that reading process knowledge determines the delivery and content of reading instruction(Gheen, Modarresi, 2009). Mol (2009) stated the primary goal of reading instruction involves getting readers to think while reading, developing an awareness of their thinking and utilizing strategies that aid in comprehending.

In addition, Snyder, Hemmeter, McLaughlin (2011) examined the literature on reading, and through careful inspection, has developed a workable definition of reading.According to Massetti, (2009), reading is as an active process in which readers shift between sources of information (what they know and what the text says), elaborate meaning and strategies, check their interpretation (revising when appropriate), and use the social context to focus their response. Similarly, Slavin et al (2008)pointed out, one's prior experience and background knowledge ...