STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Strategic Environmental Management

STRATEGIC ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

Answer 1

In any successful built-up natural environment, there is a need for the administration of, and care for, the physical natural environment in which the communal natural environment lives and in which aspirations may be fulfilled (Burgess et al., 1997). Sub-Saharan towns seem now to contemplate very distinct tendencies. Contestation over public space has assisted in the direction of the erosion of diverse types of social cohesion. Struggles over who pertains where and who values what space are becoming progressively violent. Urban residents face intensified local affray for space, resources and opportunities. According to Simone (2003), citizens are progressively unsure as to where they are and how to operate. Under such attenuating factors, it is tough for planners and city officials to make firm pledges to the sustainability of location and indeed, the city. Thus, contestation of space directs to increasing uncertainty and complexity in the built-up environment.

The Inner City of Johannesburg serves varied assemblies whose economic and communal concerns most often reach far beyond the Inner town itself. These assemblies might co-exist in fragmented and often unforeseen ways, employed in proximity to, but apart from, one another; but identically often these groups can intrude on one another. Informal retailers inconvenience agency workers by impeding the footways, diminishing the sales of prescribed retailers by selling contraband items at reduced prices. Taxi groups take over roads spurring casual retailing, and drive out previous activities. Contestation over “turf” effortlessly becomes brutal when, for demonstration, people see that migrants threaten “their” selling locality, or “their” taxi grade or route is being utilized by another cab service.

The function of the casual sector is increasingly attribute of countries in south and Central Africa, as an ever-larger proportion of the work force will likely not ever find prescribed employment. In these nations, where prescribed jobs are few and in prescribed opportunities need ingenuity, competition often comprises circumventing the rules. Where the implementation of the law is feeble, the competition also entails theft and violence. For many thousands, the inward town serves as an “economic refuge”. There are numerous persons for who the market has ceased to assist their most rudimentary desires and who furthermore no longer look to government for much support. They might be defined by economic handicap, communal exclusion, institutional isolation, need of paid work opportunities, (often) rush, and (in the past) spatial exclusion. Nowadays the inward town boasts the best possibilities for survival in this sector, whereas this often occurs through angling the directions in one way or another. The issue is that the economic achievement of the Inner City entails speaking to the needs of this group, as well and conceiving possibilities for financial and communal addition, that is, in supplement to organising the public realm.

Since 1996, a number of major methods have been introduced to address the regeneration of the inward town but also to deal with the topic of the “normalization” of the town centre. It is not inside the scope of this paper ...