PROVISION AND TREATMENT PRODUCED WATER

Provision and Treatment Produced Water



CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION

It is receiving increased worldwide attention to the issues due to growing environmental awareness and concerns and pressures government. In turn, great attention is paid to the specific activities of the producing and exploration companies, both private and state. They are asking these companies to demonstrate their commitment to environmental protection through the adoption of corporate environmental policies and concrete action in the field. In areas with few or no environmental regulations, these companies must establish and follow their own environmental guidelines and point the way by example. These requirements and guidelines can bring significant benefits to companies individually (and the industry as a whole) through the international recognition and significant economic savings, and to limit exposure to future claims court for damages and environmental cleanup costs (Muyibi & Noor, 2002: 243).

In areas where exploration companies and producers have not shown the required commitment, government regulation is used to ensure compliance. Penalties for failure vary: in some jurisdictions making the imprisonment of supervisors, managers and even directors, allowing environmental mismanagement - whether or not aware of the problem and although considered incompatible with the policy of the company - by staff within their area of operational responsibility. Another growing trend in countries awarded Concessions Production Sharing, is to consider the background environmental performance of the applicant as a major factor in the decision award.

The largest waste product in the production of oil and gas, and during the life of almost all is well and reservoir water. This product is known as oilfield brine, salt water, produced water, etc. Production water historically has averaged six times the oil production over the life of all oil wells. Every day should be handled millions of barrels of water containing large amounts of dissolved salts, suspended solids, metals heavy and dispersed and dissolved hydrocarbons. Improper disposal is notorious easily in inland areas - and often offshore. Usually leads to just trial and severe (Jahn, 1988: 43).

The water produced can be treated and removed by various methods, most have already been tested and many of them still are used in various parts of the world. These guidelines outline the water, analyze its various components, outlines the potential environmental problems, suggest ways to minimize the volumes listed disposal methods that have been tested, using methods recommended for best environmental protection while continuing to sustainable development, specify the required treatment prior to disposal and indicate the types of permits and studies may be needed. It is also suggested that integrates the removal of water produced with all other waste and industrial by-products under a "Regional Plan Control Waste ", to avoid duplication and enable a unified approach to environmental organizations and other regulatory bodies. The superscripts refer to the comprehensive set of references are included along with a list of recommended reading for those who wish to advance the issue in more depth.

CHAPTER 2: PRODUCED WATER SOURCES

Sources of Hydrocarbons

Hydrocarbons are naturally occurring substances and are composed of mixture complex compounds of carbon and hydrogen, which are ...