POLICING

Policing

Police Department Organization

Introduction

The law of the Australia is a system that derives largely from the Common Law (Common Law) that was current at the law of England at the time of the War of Independence. Today the supreme law of the country is the Australian Constitution and under the principle of supremacy of the Constitution, the laws passed by Congress and the treaties that the Australia is a party, represents the next rung of the hierarchy of sources of law. These form the basis for federal laws under the federal constitution in the Australia, establishing the limits of the law and federal laws in the fifty states and other territories of the country (Adebayo, 2005, 93-100).

Indigenous People

Indigenous communities especially in Africa, the Australias, asia and Australasia/Oceania have become an increasingly important part of corporate social responsibility (CSR) thinking for many companies seeking to operate on the land, and within the communities, of specific indigenous groups of people (Alain, 2008, 169-189).

The nature of these groups differs dramatically worldwide, and there is no single CSR approach a business, let alone an entire industry, can, or should, take. Often very company-specific, and even site-specific CSR approaches have to be taken, though most, if not all, of the larger companies involved with indigenous peoples, have now developed highly defined, though often generic, terms of references and codes of CSR conduct, human rights and guidelines for working with indigenous people.

It is not easy. There is no single universal CSR approach because there is no single universal definition of 'indigenous people', because there is no single universal indigenous group. This is the first, often very difficult, CSR lesson that has had to be learnt by business worldwide. However, the term 'indigenous' generally identifies people who are descendents of the original inhabitants of a particular area of land and who have long-standing cultural roots in that land which is now, more often than not, controlled by a dominant non-indigenous power base. As such, indigenous people are generally a rural, highly marginalised, disempowered and disadvantaged people. This presents business with a quite different set of CSR challenges to those it may face in densely populated urban and metropolitan areas of its operations, especially if access to indigenous land is a necessity for a company to continue trading (Boyce, 2009, 601-640).

Community Policing

Community policing “reforms” have sought to provide the police with greater public acceptance and political grounding. These reforms were created over time and came together in the 1990s under the umbrella of “community policing” (which is also called community-oriented policing). At that time, it had become clear that other 20th-century police efforts—the “wars” waged by the police on crime, drugs, and youth participation in violence—were not working as intended. Herman Goldstein, arguably the architect of modern community and problem-oriented policing, suggested that the police often emphasized means over ends—that is, arrest over community safety, or the number of calls for service responded to as opposed to the underlying problems that produced the need for those ...