Planning Function of Management



Abstract

Human health is the most important thing and the aim of every country in this world should promote the health of people. Today there is heated debate going on the inclusion of fluoride in water which adversely affects human body specially brain development and growth thus this research aims to investigate the effects of Fluoride in drinking water on Brain development and growth. In this research mix method of primary and secondary research will be used. The anticipated results from this research almost confirmed that addition of fluoride even of small amount have adverse effects on human brain development and growth, these results will be supported by reliable literature. At the end of the research implication and recommendation for future research will be given.

Table of Contents

Introduction4

Hypothesis4

Aims & Objectives4

Rationale4

Significance5

Literature Review5

Intake of Fluoride in the Human Body5

Neurotoxic and Lowers IQ6

Experimental Approach and Methodology7

Research Design7

Secondary Research7

Primary Research7

Experimental Design7

Biochemical determinations8

Thiobarbituric acid reactive substance measurements8

Protein quantification8

Determination of enzyme activities8

Determination of tGSH level8

Determination of acetylcholinesterase activity9

Statistical analysis9

Anticipated Results10

References……………………………………………………………………………………….11The Effects of Fluoride in Drinking Water on Brain Development and Growth

Introduction

Health of the population is directly dependent on the composition of natural water sources. Every day, a person consumes 1.5-2.5 liters of water, which should not, ideally, be free of all contaminants, but water containing high contaminants adversely affecting human health especially the brain development (Basha & Sujitha, 2012). In nature, water is never found in the form of pure compounds with universal solvent properties, there always has a number of different elements and compounds involved in the composition and the formation of water (Yang, 1994). Water with a high mineral content affects the secretory activity of the stomach, breaks the water-salt balance, which results in a mismatch of many metabolic and biochemical processes in the body and its affects are adverse (Chen, 2002). Fluoride content in natural and drinking water is a particular problem affecting brain development of human beings. Fluoride is widely distributed in nature. Fluoride is a relatively abundant in nature and forms compounds with most elements except the noble gases helium, neon and argon. Its concentration in the earth's crust is of 0.01% (Basha & Rai, 2011). Most fluoride contains some mica, lepidolite, tourmaline, phosphorite, fluorapatite, granite. Fluorine replaces the hydroxyl group in the molecule of hydroxyapatite, turning it into fluorapatite, which is more resistant to acid (Ryczel, 2006). Precipitation, melting snow water penetrating into the deeper layers of the earth, washes away the various layers and Fluoride is mixed in the water of various rivers, and wells.

In many countries, fluoride is intentionally added to the water supply, toothpaste and sometimes other products to prevent cavities (Ding & YanhuiGao, 2011). It should be noted that fluoride is also found in some foods and in the air, so that the amount of fluoride ingested by individuals may be higher than assumed by the health authority. It has been long known that ingesting excessive fluoride has serious toxic effects on human body and mental health (Gao, 2009). So scientists are now debating whether ...