Outline for “Future Vaccines for Malaria and TB”



Outline for “Future Vaccines for Malaria and TB”

Introduction

This section will introduce the topic and will also highlight what is being covered in the paper. This paper is about future vaccines for Malaria and TB. This paper is the research about of the two diseases which has the greatest chance for successful trial and approval. The paper will include, but not restricted to, the following headings:

Background

Malaria

Malaria is an infectious disease caused by a parasite of the genus Plasmodium, spread by the bite of certain species of mosquito Anopheles. Malaria causes annually about 350-500 million infections and about 3 million deaths in humans. In areas of Africa south of the Sahara have 85-90% of these cases, the vast majority of infected children younger than 5 years. Mortality is expected to double over the next 20 years. Researchers around the world have worked for years to develop a vaccine, requiring coordination, exchanges, financing. The challenge of development is that the parasite is transported from one organ to another, expressing different antigens at different stages of its evolution, "cache" in red blood cells to protect the immune system. Finally, research has no animal model highly reliable. Rodents are not susceptible to the same strains that man. Even our close cousins ??the monkeys do not develop brain disorders such as humans.

Current Malaria Vaccines Available

The vaccines for malaria are under development, there is no vaccine available yet completely effective. The first promising studies demonstrating the possibility of a malaria vaccine in 1967 were made ??by immunizing mice with sporozoites attenuated by radiation, which provides protection for about 60% of mice after injection with normal, viable sporozoites. Since the 1970s, there has been a considerable effort to develop similar vaccination strategies in humans. Currently, there are a variety of vaccines on the table. Pre-erythrocytic vaccines (vaccines that target the parasite before it reaches the blood), including vaccines based on CSP; make up the largest group of vaccine research against malaria.

TB

Tuberculosis (abbreviated TB) is a contagious bacterial infection that mainly involves the lungs but can spread to other organs. Tuberculosis is an infectious disease transmissible and non-immunizing, with clinical variables. It is caused by a mycobacterium tuberculosis complex corresponding to different germs, mainly Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A vaccine was first tested in 1886 by Vittorio Cavagnis while at the same time Robert Koch tried unsuccessfully to develop a serum-based tuberculin ...