Osteoporosis - Annotated Bibliography



Osteoporosis

Annotated Bibliography

Lysen, V. C., & Walker, R. (2007). Osteoporosis risk factors in eighth grade students. Journal of School Health, 67(8), 317-321.

In this article, Lysen, & Walker discussed that osteoporosis is a multifactorial disease characterized by a decrease in mass and impaired bone structure, which maintains normal ratio of mineralized and non-mineralized matrix. Osteoporosis is the result of an imbalance in the functional activity of osteoblasts and osteoclasts, which results in an excess of bone resorption over bone formation. Osteoporosis occurs in many diseases characterized by generalized loss of bone substance; with all divisions of the skeleton characterized by increased fragility and susceptibility to fracture. Osteoporosis is characterized by localized involvement in the pathological process, in the restricted areas of the skeleton; for example, the vertebral body (pregnancy) or metaphysis of long bones of the lower extremities (juvenile osteoporosis) .

Postmenopausal (Type I) which is most common form among women, associated with the cessation of the secretion of estrogen, which promotes products osteoblasts factor that stimulates differentiation and activity of osteoclasts resorb bone. Senile (type II) occurs with equal frequency in both sexes over the age of 75 years, is associated with deficiency of sex steroids, calcitonin, with a decrease in calcium absorption in the intestine and the formation of vitamin D and / or development of resistance to its action, which leads to the development of secondary hyperparathyroidism and increased bone resorption.

Thesis Statement

The thesis statement for this paper is Osteoporosis and its external factor, effects on the body via various organ systems, effects on the individuals lifestyle.

External Factors

Both genes and the environment contribute to bone health. Some elements of bone health are determined largely by genes, and errors in signaling by these genes can result in birth defects. External factors, such as diet and physical activity, are critically important to bone health throughout life, and these factors can be modified.

Many things can interfere with the development of a strong and healthy skeleton. Genetic abnormalities can produce weak, thin bones, or bones that are too dense. Nutritional deficiencies can result in the formation of weak, poorly mineralized bone. Many hormonal disorders can also affect the skeleton. Lack of exercise, immobilization, and smoking can also have negative effects on bone mass and strength.

Effects on Lifestyle

Osteoporosis can have a serious effect on the lives of those who suffer spinal fractures or other broken bones. Because simply bending over to pick up a newspaper or lifting a light package can cause a fracture, people with osteoporosis often become reluctant to participate in activities that they would otherwise consider routine. The physical changes which accompany osteoporosis can easily lead to rapid functional decline and decreased feelings of self-esteem.

Age and menopause are the 2 main determinants in osteoporosis. Other risk factors include a family and/or personal history of fracture, estrogen deficiency, alcoholism, and a sedentary lifestyle.

Treatment And Interventions

The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved several medications for prevention or treatment of osteoporosis, based on their ability to reduce ...