Metaphysics

Introduction

This term came from the position of an untitled book by the Greek philosopher Aristotle (384-322 BCE) in the classification of his works made by the Hellenic philosopher Andronicus of Rhodes (first century BCE). It meant “beyond physics,” because the book appeared after Aristotle's Physics. It now means the philosophical study of the nature, constitution, and structure of reality, or of how things actually are, as contrasted with appearance, or how things seem to be to a particular perceiver or set of perceivers.

Metaphysics is the study of “being qua being,” has a convoluted history. Its prominence has waxed and waned through time, and its self-understanding has changed at different epochs. The first difficulty faced in any attempt to understand metaphysics is the problematic nature of its name. It has often been interpreted as indicating an arcane study that seeks to go “beyond” the physical. Contemporary usage has carried this to such an extreme that bookstores will classify as “metaphysical” texts dealing with the occult or with some form of spiritualism. Such associations have little to do with the branch of philosophy that carries the name. (Chopra, 25-50)

Review of the Literature

Metaphysics (Greek, 'about what is'), in philosophy, attempts to characterize all of reality—to say what reality contains and to analyse the concepts we use to think about it. So a metaphysician may both claim that events enter into causal relations and analyse our concept of causation. Aristotle (384-322 b.c.) first gave systematic articulation to this study. He indicated its importance by calling it “first philosophy” (Metaphysics: 1026a, 24, 30). In another passage, he referred to it as “theology” (Metaphysics: 1026a, 19), since it incorporates reflection on the highest kind of being. (Cummins, 45-50)

There are 05 fundamental laws for success in the learning of metaphysics. The hypothesis is that if one pursues these laws, he or she will certainly bring success their way. (Roberts, 49-55)

In some schools of thought, it is supposed that these standards that people have no control over, are the ones that state one's potential and eventual accomplishment in the world.

Attraction

Personal responsibility and Self-determination

Continuous growth

Self-direction

Positive choices

Reality and appearance

Sometimes, it is argued that reality is objective reality, i.e. first, agreement on its nature, however universal, does not rule out the possibility that reality is other than the people agreeing perceive it to be; second, reality can exist regardless of appearances and our ability to investigate. These features of objective reality are sometimes described by saying the reality is two-way independent of appearance. The French philosopher René Descartes (CE 1596-1650), however, used the phrase objective reality to refer to any given idea in contrast with formal or actual reality, which he ascribed to the cause of that idea, and held that thought had to be as real as the former. (Chalmers, 12-15)

When the Classical Greek philosopher Plato (428-348 BCE) said that time is the moving image of reality in the Timaeus, he was formulating a metaphysical doctrine: the ...