MANAGEMENT THEORIES

Management Theories

Introduction

Human relations and human factors approaches have been absorbed into the broader behavioral science movement in the 1950 and 1960(Sheldrake 2003 432). For example, Maslow's hierarchy of needs provided an individual focus on the reasons why people work. He claimed that people who are satisfied ascending number of needs from survival, through security to eventual self-actualization.

The classical theory has been made in the 1950 and 1960 as part of human relationships. By 1970 the majority of managers participating in formal management training to be aware: Theory X and Theory Y (Callan 2007 454); of Maslow and Herzberg's theories of motivation, and did not know where they should be in terms of managerial grid (Blake and Mouton , 1964). These theorists advocated the participation of "soft" approach to management. However, only a minority of managers in the United States received such training, with even less in other countries. Most operational managers - associated with the production, engineering, or distribution - worked their way up from low levels of work: they were probably closer in spirit to FW Taylor, theorists than the 1950 and 1960. This contrasts with the human resources manager, with a high proportion of people who have received academic training, in addition, "personnel" was an area where women have been widely distributed - as opposed to production, which was dominated by men. Women were naturally more open to the concept of human relationships than men?Views on management have changed significantly over the past century - particularly in the last few decades

Scientific Management Theory (1890-1940)

At the turn of the century, the most notable organizations were large and industrialized. Often they included ongoing, routine tasks that produce different products(Bratton Gold 2001). The United States appreciates the scientific and technical matters, including careful measurement and refinement of the activities and results. Frederick Taylor developed: scientific management theory ", which supported this careful specification and measurement of all organizational tasks. Tasks were standardized as much as possible. Workers were rewarded and punished. This approach has proved to work well for organizations with assembly lines and other mechanistic, routine activities.

Henry Ford incorporated this information and technical research in the team he founded to develop production systems that could mass-produce affordable Model T, it is designed for easy management and maintenance.

First there was the analysis of the components list for the car: from the smallest connection with the main chassis. It was first decided that the more difficult parts such as axles and engines, will be in a fixed area, while smaller parts were stored elsewhere and shipped in batches of as necessary for the assembly. The next advance was the decision to build the main landing gear (wheels, axles and frame), then move it through the warehouse, adding to the assembly in several stages. Finally, after much trial and error and several errors should be a detailed analysis, the location of all parts and assembly sequence was prepared to take practical experiments

Bureaucratic management theory (1930-1950)

Max Weber embellished the scientific management ...