Hydraulic Theory

Introduction

The physical hydraulic elements concerned in hydraulic design of channels consist of invert slope (So) ? cross-sectional area (A) ? wetted perimeter (P)? and equivalent boundary surface roughness (k) in development of the state in the Nile Valley? Mesopotamia? and China. The hydraulic radius (R) used in resistance formulae is the ratio A/P. The invert slope of proposed channel improvement is controlled primarily by elevations of the ground along the alignment as determined by preliminary layout discussed in paragraph 1-6d. A center-line profile between controlling elevations along the proposed alignment will indicate a preliminary channel slope.

A closed system of equations was obtained which describes the formation of state development. The conditions were found which cause recurrent restructuring of the flow velocity field which governs the shape and dimensions of the channel development of the state in the Nile Valley? Mesopotamia? and China. The evolution of the longitudinal profile of a development of the state in the Nile Valley? Mesopotamia? and China is regarded and the parametric quantity that assures this procedure is assessed (Butakov 137-144). A numerical solution of the problem of the development of the state in the Nile Valley? Mesopotamia? and China is given. An interpretation of the hydraulic theory in terms of energy is given.

This presentation assumes that the design engineer is fully acquainted with the hydraulic theories involved in uniform and gradually varied flows? steady and unsteady flows? energy and momentum principles? and other aspects such as friction related to hydraulic design normally covered in hydraulic texts and handbooks such as those by Brater and King (1976) and Chow (1959). The following is presented as guidance in the method of application of textbook material and to give additional information not readily available in reference material. The use of k is emphasized herein because computational results are relatively insensitive to errors in assigned values of k (Butakov 137-144). However? use of Manning's n has been retained in several procedures because ...