Health promotion activities: HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis and pregnancy

BA (Nursing)

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the

requirements for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

In

HEALTH PROMOTION and PUBLIC HEALTH

Brunel University

February 2012

ABSTRACT

Health promotion activities over the past decade have become a popular catchphrase to describe a wide array of activities designed to improve the health of populations. It is the process, which enables people to maximize their control over their health, and therefore, improve their health. We can use the health promotion activities on patients who are suffering from deadly diseases like HIV, hepatitis and women who are in the condition of pregnancy. The use of health promotion activities involves activities after the occurrence of the disease and before the occurrence of the disease for prevention purposes. This helps a patient in fighting against diseases like HIV and hepatitis, whose treatment is very painful. Furthermore, pregnant women can use these health promotion activities to maintain their health and their child's health.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I would take this opportunity to thank my research supervisor, family and friends for their support and guidance without which this research would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

1During the period of registered study in which this dissertation was prepared, the author has not been registered for any other academic award or qualification.

2The material included in this dissertation has not been submitted wholly or in part for any academic award or qualification other than that for which is it now submitted.

3The dissertation is an original piece of work undertaken by the author.

4The programme of advanced study of which this dissertation is part has consisted of:

4.1 Eight taught modules or equivalent

4.2 Supervision tutorials

All the above were held in the School of Health and Social Care at Brunel University.

Signature

(Write your name), February 2012

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACTII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIII

DECLARATIONIV

LIST OF IMAGES AND FIGURESIX

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION1

1.1 Background of the problem1

1.2 Introduction2

1.3 Problem statement2

1.4 Research Questions4

1.5 Aim and Objectives of the Study5

1.6 Significance of the Study5

1.7 Definition of terms7

CHAPTER 2: LITERATURE ANALYSIS8

2.1 Overview of the concept of health promotion activities8

2.2 Early health promotion: relationships between attitudes and behaviour9

2.2.1 The Role of Knowledge9

2.2.2 Attitudes and behaviour change10

2.3 Recent models of health promotion11

2.4 Conceptual framework14

2.4.1 The Transtheoretical model and stages of change14

2.4.2 Harm reduction16

2.5 HIV/AIDS19

2.5.1 Health promotion, community, and responses to HIV/AIDS20

2.5.2 Critiques of community-based health promotion23

2.5.3 Health promotion through stress management24

2.5.3.1 Physical Effects of Stress24

2.5.3.2 HIV, Exercise and Psychoneuroimmunology25

2.6 Hepatitis C28

2.6.1 Screening29

2.6.2 Harm reduction as a health promotion measure29

2.6.3 The efficacy of harm reduction30

2.6.4 The Patient-Provider Relationship & Stigma as a Barrier to Care32

2.5 Pregnancy36

2.7.1 Planning the Pregnancy38

2.7.2 Adequate Nutrition38

2.7.3 Pender's health promotion model38

2.7.3.1 Cognitive Perceptual Factors41

2.7.3.2 Importance of Health42

2.7.3.3 Perceived Control42

2.7.3.4 Perceived Health Status44

2.7.3.5 Perceived Benefits of Health-Promoting Behaviours44

2.7.3.6 Perceived Barriers to Health Promoting Behaviour44

2.7.3.7 Modifying Factors45

2.7.3.8 Demographic Factors45

2.7.3.9 Biological Characteristics46

2.7.3.10 Interpersonal Characteristics46

2.7.3.11 Situational Factors46

2.7.3.12 Behavioural factors47

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY48

3.1 Rationale for a Qualitative Study48

3.2 Research design49

3.3 Justification of secondary research method49

3.4 Criteria for searching literature50

3.5 Keywords50

3.6 Critical Appraisal tool50

3.7 Ethical Considerations51

3.8 Literature Search52

3.9 Timeline53

CHAPTER 4: PRESENTATION AND ANALYSIS OF RESULTS54

4.1 Health promotion activities in HIV/AIDS infected people54

4.1.1 Stress Reduction in HIV-l Infected Individuals54

4.1.2 Outcome ...