Epidemiology

Epidemiology

Question 1

You are given the following figures regarding acute cerebro vascular accident () events in females in the city 'A' for 2001:

Age group

Gender

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75-84

85-94

Total

Females

10

32

90

96

108

36

372

Total female population in the city 'A' for 2001:

Age group

Gender

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75-84

85-94

Total

Population

63,882

66,750

55,436

37,492

30,648

10,886

265,094

For comparison, you are given the age-specific brain stroke incidence rates for the national female population (per 100,000):

Age group

Gender

35-44

45-54

55-64

65-74

75-84

85-94

Total

Females

9.3

38.9

147.9

229.3

319.7

257.2

1,002

You are interested in knowing whether the rate in females seen in the city 'A' is higher or lower than the national average.

What sort of standardization would you use?

Given a athe a aavailable a adata, a aindirect a astandardization a awould a abe a aused. a aThough a anot a acommonly a aseen, a aan a aindirectly a astandardized a arate a acan a abe a aobtained a afrom a aan a aSMR a aas a afollows:

Indirectly a aStandardized a arate a a= a aStandardized a aratio a ax a a(Brain a astroke a arate a ain a astandard a apopulation)

The a alogic a afor a athis a arelationship a ais a athat a athe a aSMR a agives a aa a astandardized a acomparison a aof a athe a abrain a astroke a acases a ain a aa a astudy a apopulation a awhich a ais a afemale a ain a acity a aA a acompared a ato a athat a ain a athe a astandard a apopulation.

Carry out this standardization, showing intermediate steps.

In case of City A

Indirectly Standardized rate = Standardized Ratio x (Brain stroke rate in standard population)

= x R

Where

R = incidence rate of brain stroke in the city A

Rki = rate of Brain stroke in the k-th stratum of the national population

r = rate of Brain stroke in city A

nk = size of the k-th stratum of the City A

n = size of the study population city A

d = total deaths in the study population city A

We have

Indirectly Standardized rate = [372/(9.3 x 63882 + 38.9 x 66750 +….257.2 x 10886)] x 1.40

= 0.16 per thousand population

c) What conclusion do you come to? Is the brain stroke incidence for females in city 'A' higher or lower than the national incidence?

The brain stroke influence for females in city A is lower than the national incidence.

Question 2

Seven hundred men aged 45 years were given a health check and 56 were found to have 'type 2 diabetes'. Eight years later all 7,00 men (assuming ...