Executive compensation is a complex and contentious subject. The high level of CEO pays in the U.S. has spurred an intense debate about the nature of the pay-setting process and the outcomes it produces. Some argue that large executive pay packages are the result of powerful managers setting their own pay and extracting rents form firms. Others interpret the same evidence as the result of optimal contracting in a competitive market for managerial talent. This survey summarizes the research on CEO compensation and assesses the evidence for and against these different explanations Our review suggests that both managerial power and competitive market forces are important determinants of CEO pay, but that neither approach alone is fully consistent with the available evidence. The evolution of CEO compensation since WWII can be broadly divided into two distinct periods. Prior to the 1970s, we observe low levels of pay, little dispersion across top managers, and moderate pay-performance sensitivities. From the mid-1970s to the early 2000s, compensation levels grow dramatically, differences in pay across managers and firms widen, and equity incentives tie managers' wealth closer to firm performance. None of the existing theories offers a fully convincing explanation for the apparent regime change that occurred during the 190s, and all theories have trouble explaining some of the cross-sectional and time-series patterns in the data. Many of the theoretical studies we review explore how various characteristics of real-world compensation contracts can be consistent with either rent extraction or optimal contracting. While obviously useful, demonstrating that any given compensation feature can arise in an optimal contracting (or rent extraction) framework provides little evidence that the feature is in fact used for efficiency reasons (or to extract rents). Partly as a result, there is no consensus on the relative importance of rent extraction and optimal contracting in determining the pay of the typical CEO. To help answer this question, models of CEO pay will have to produce testable predictions that differ between the two approaches. We expect that the emergence of new data and the renewed interest in theoretical work on CEO pay will deliver both the predictions and the testing opportunities needed to resolve this debate.
Promising recent contributions have examined the effects of exogenous changes in the contracting environment on CEO compensation, firm behavior, and firm performance. For example, industry deregulations have been linked to higher CEO compensation, suggesting that increased demand for CEO talent raises pay levels. On the other hand, declines in CEO compensation following regulations that strengthen board oversight suggest rent extraction.
b. Staffing
Total reimbursement for peak staffing commerce bosses turned down by a median of 26% in 2003, as asserted by Staffing Industry Analysts, Inc., which issued a report on boss reimbursement in the September 24, 2004 topic of its newsletter, Staffing Industry Report. The down turn was echoed in smaller bonuses, an artifact of the hard times the commerce endured throughout the latest recession.
The particularly requested report on the head and second-highest paid bosses disclosed a median groundwork wages of $364,112 and a median bonus of ...