ANIMAL EXPERIMENTATION

Animal Experimentation

Animal Experimentation

Introduction

Animal experimentation has been a part of biomedical and behavioral study for some millennia; experiments with animals were undertook in Greece over 2,000 years ago. numerous improvement in medicine and in the comprehending of how organisms function have been the direct outcome of animal experimentation.

anxiety over the welfare of lab animals is furthermore not new, as echoed in the activities of diverse animal welfare and antivivisectionist groups dating back to the nineteenth century.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Use of Animals in Research

Some of the soonest recorded investigations involving animals were performed by Aristotle (384-322 B.C.), who revealed anatomical dissimilarities amidst animals by dissecting them (Rowan, 1984). The Greek doctor Galen (A.D. 129-199) maintained that experimentation led to technical advancement and is said to have been the first to perform demonstrations with reside animals--specifically pigs-a perform subsequent extended to other species and termed 'vivisection' (Loew, 1982). although, it was not until the sixteenth century that many experiments on animals started to be recorded. In 1628, William Harvey released his work on the heart and the action of body-fluid in animals (French, 1975). In the 18OOs, when France became one of the leading hubs of experimental biology and medicine-marked by the work of such researchers as Francis Magendie in experimental physiology, Claude Bernard in experimental medicine, and Louis Pasteur in microbiology and immunology-investigators frequently utilised animals in biomedical study (McGrew, 1985).

study in biological science progressed at an increasing pace beginning around 1850, with many of the improvement producing from trials involving animals. Helmholtz studied the personal and chemical undertakings associated with the nerve impulse; Virchow evolved the research of cellular pathology, which directed the way to a more reasonable comprehending of disease methods; Pasteur started the studies that led to immunization for anthrax and inoculation for rabies; and Koch started a long sequence of studies that would solidly set up the germ theory of disease. Lister presented the first antiseptic surgery in 1878, and Metchnikoff found out the antibacterial undertakings of white body-fluid units in 1884.

Concerns over Animal Use

The first prevalent opponents to the use of animals in research was expressed in the nineteenth century. Even before this, although, anxiety had was derived about the treatment of ranch animals. The first part of legislation to forbid cruelty to animals was adopted by the General Court of Massachusetts in 1641 and asserted that 'No man shall exercise any tyranny or cruelty in the direction of any brute animals which are generally kept for man's use' (Stone, 1977). In England, Martin's proceed was enacted in 1822 to provide defence for ranch animals. In 1824, the humanity for the avoidance of Cruelty to Animals (SPCA) was founded to double-check that this act was discerned. In 1865, Henry Bergh conveyed the SPCA concept to America (Thrner, 1980).

He was inspired not by the use of animals in study but by the ill-treatment of equines that he observed in czarist Russia.

In the second half of the nineteenth century, anxieties for the welfare of farm animals amplified to encompass ...