Afghanistan

Afghanistan, officially known as Islamic Republic of Afghanistan is a landlocked country situated in the heart of Asia. Generally considered part of Central Asia, is sometimes grouped within a regional bloc between the Indian subcontinent and the Middle East as a religious, ethno-linguistic and geographical related to most of its neighbors. It borders Pakistan to the south and east, Iran to the west, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan to the north and the People's Republic of China to the northeast through the Wakhan corridor (Ellis, 42-48). Afghanistan is one of the countries hardest hit by Al Qaeda along with Pakistan, also the Afghan border with Pakistan is the place where al Qaeda terrorists prepare their attacks and other violent activities. Therefore, this place has been affected by recent terrorist attacks and suicide.

The history of Afghanistan goes back to fifty thousand years ago, including Upper Paleolithic and Middle sites (specifically in the Hindu Kush's northern foothills) and ample Iron Age and Bronze locations in the east, south, and north. Modernistic Afghanistan, situated at the crossways of South Asia, West, and Central, comprises partly or entirely the prehistoric areas of Drangiana, Arachosia, Bactria, Aria, and Sogdiana—which are the Achaemenid Empire (559-330 BCE) parts and then the Alexander of Macedon empire and his Hellenic descendants (c. 330 BCE-150 CE). The district was also a division of the polities of Saka, Kushana, Parthian, Yueh-chih/Tokharian and the Sasanid Empire (c. 224/228-651 CE) and was integrated into the lands which were dominated by the Arab Muslims (Ellis, 42-48). Parts of Afghanistan stayed under the Abbasid caliphate into the ninth century and later under the impermanent power of a number of polities: the Ghurids, the Timurids, Samanids, Kerts, Mongols, and Ghaznavids and other descendant state.

In the sixteenth century, the Safavids (Persians) and the Indian Mughal Empire were political competitors with Afghanistan as a frontier till the surfacing of the Afghan Durrani natives empire. In 1747, the Durrani Empire commenced their ruling and proceeded ostensibly under cultural-group leaders, Pashtun Abdali, till the coup of the Communist in 1978 (Maley, 54-57). Afshar Persian socio-political power started in the 1720s and continued in the nineteenth century, when Afghanistan was lunge into the arena of the geopolitics of Russia against Britain (primarily through the British East India Company) in the Great Game. The Afghan - Anglo battles (1838-1842, 1878-1879, and 1919) assisted in helping to begin independence of Afghanistan in the twentieth century under the progression of rulers: Muhammad Zahir Shah (1933-1973), Muhammad Nadir Shah (1929-1933), Habibullah (1901-1919), King Amanullah (1919-1929), and Abdur Rahman Khan (1880-1901), and with a democracy beginning with Muhammad Daoud (1973-1978). (Rohde and Filkins, 101-112)

The presence of the Soviet Union stated with the coup of 1978 till 1989, when the opposition on the Afghan Islamic movement (with assistance of Pakistani and United States) induced the Soviets to desert the battle and retreat their 100,000 military personnel. The mujahedeen included numerous ethnic Afghanis and foreign fighters from all over the Islamic race (particularly Pakistan, Yemen, and Saudi Arabia), who started to fight among each other, started attacks and internal revolts on Kabul (Marsden, 92-93). Initially in 1990, an aggressive civil battle stormed. At one point were ...