[3 Dimensional Nose lassifications in 15 Years Old Cohort]

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Table of Contents

LIST OF FIGURESIII

LIST OF TABLESIV

PART 1 DESCRIPTION AND ASSESSMENT OF NOSE SIZE AND SHAPE1

Position And Purpose Of The Nose1

Detailed anatomy of the nose1

Growth of the nose1

Classification systems for nose based on shape4

Dimensional Variation Of Noses10

PART II METHODS OF MEASUREMENT OF NOSE SHAPE24

Brief Table of techniques 2D and 3D related to face only24

Summarise nose classifications and 3D techniques31

PART III BREATHING DISORDERS43

REFERENCES46

List of Figures

Figure 1……………………………………………………………………………………..4

Figure 2……………………………………………………………………………………..7

Figure 3……………………………………………………………………………………..8

Figure 4……………………………………………………………………………………..10

Figure 5……………………………………………………………………………………..34

Figure 6……………………………………………………………………………………..34

Figure 7……………………………………………………………………………………..35

Figure 8……………………………………………………………………………………..36

Figure 9……………………………………………………………………………………..36

Figure10……………………………………………………………………………………..37

Figure 11…………………………………………………………………………………….38

Figure 12…………………………………………………………………………………….39

Figure 13…………………………………………………………………………………….40

Figure 14…………………………………………………………………………………….40

Figure 15…………………………………………………………………………………….41

Figure 16…………………………………………………………………………………….41

Figure 17…………………………………………………………………………………….42

List of Tables

Table 1…………………………………………………………………………………….27

Literature Review

Part 1 Description And Assessment Of Nose Size And Shape

Position And Purpose Of The Nose

In recent years there has been an explosion of new scientific information on the structure and function of the nose at the molecular, microscopic and macroscopic level. This often unappreciated part of the mammalian upper airway has recently been the focus of reported research efforts in a variety of diverse scientific disciplines such as pharmacology, neuroscience, mathematical modelling, toxicology, and even palaeontology.

Detailed anatomy of the nose

Anatomically, the human nose is the part that sticks out from the face and houses the nostrils that admits air to facilitate respiration.. The nose has a dual function. It filters, warms, and humidifies the air before it reaches the lungs, and it also contains the neurons that are responsible for the sense of smell. The nose also acts as a trap for noxious particles and germs (bacteria and viruses) that enter the body during inhalation. Because of this, the nose contains immune system components that actively fight infections.

Growth of the nose

The visible part of the human nose is the protruding part of the face that bears the nostrils. The shape of the nose is determined by the ethmoid bone and the nasal septum, which consists mostly of cartilage and which separates the nostrils. On average the nose of a male is larger than that of a female (Boccieri , 2006, p. 407-9).. The nose is an alteration of the angle of skull following human skeletal changes due to bipedalism. This changed the shape of the skull base causing, together with change in diet, a knock-on morphological reduction in the relative size of the maxillary and mandible and through this a "squeezing" of the protrusion of the most anterior parts of the face more forward and so increasing nose prominence and modifying its shape(Cochran, 2007, p. 803-7).

Typically, a man finishes growing around age twenty while a woman reaches physical maturity around age eighteen. Most body parts will not grow anymore without some type of body modification with the exception of the nose(Gruber, 2007, p. 1044-53).

Stephen Jay Gould has noted that larger noses are less neotenous, especially the large "Grecian" nose. Women have smaller noses than men due to not having "increased secretion of testosterone in adolescence" and smaller noses are considered more attractive on women.

The nose do continue to grow throughout a person's lifetime. However, it's only the cartilage that continues to ...