3 Dimensional Nose Classifications in 15 Years Old Cohort

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ABSTRACT

Many attempts have been made to make a universal classification of nose types. These types are affected by genetic, racial affiliation and other external factors. Therefore, some classifications were named after racial groups which were not objective as it would be more objective to name them by shape, but even then there is many other nose types that don't fit with any of the types listed in the drawing gallery or may have a mix of two types. In addition, they based their assessment on profile pictures which have limited their categorization. Therefore, in this study we will try to classify noses morphology by looking at the nose from more than one aspect to include different parts of the nose as to make it more comprehensive without mentioning any ethnicity. This thesis presents a study undertaken on British sample of children aged 15 years old, with the data being collected from the ALSPAC “Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children” a study in Bristol/UK. The sample consisted of total 4747 subjects, divided into 2514 females and 2233 males. The aims of this study are to examine the variation in nose shape and categorise these shapes in order to determine the prevalence in a large 15 year old population. Three main objectives were determined: to develop reproducible 3D classifications for nose shape, to examine gender differences in respect to nose shape and to explore differences in nose shape in asthmatic and non-asthmatic individuals. 3D laser scans were used to assess nose morphology. The laser-scanning system that was used to capture a 3D image, consisted of two high-resolution Minolta Vivid VI900 3D cameras (Minolta, Osaka, Japan), with a reported manufacturing accuracy of 0.1mm. To facilitate nose shape assessment we took static images of the nose from a variety of angles (front, base, left and right sides). A sample of 100 individuals was randomly selected. Anatomical nose variations were ordered and organised in a progressive manner. The nose shapes were organised and structured in a series of photographs (based on facial orientation) and definitions. All noses in this study are within normal with score 1 given to the shape of most balanced proportions and other scores were given to other shapes. Inter/intra- rater reliability test were performed to calculate the percentage of agreement. In addition, Chi- Square Test was used to examine the correlation between gender and nose morphology. The statistical findings had produced a reasonable level of conformity and reliability. Matching features exists among different subcategories. It is difficult to identify sex based on the size and shape of the nose but in general females tended to have smaller noses than males. For Chi-Square Test analysis done for both general and asthmatic sample, a significant relationships have been found between gender and 25 subcategories for the total sample and one statistically significant association between asthma and nose morphology.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACTii

CHAPTER # 1: AIMS AND OBJECTIVES1

Aims and objectives1

CHAPTER # 2: SUBJECTS AND METHODS2

Subject sample population2

Three-Dimensional ...