T-REGULATORY CELLS

T-Regulatory Cells and Their Involvement in Type 1 Diabetes



Abstract

In this essay, we will be discussing the disease of diabetes in patient and its types. In addition, our main focus of the study is to analyze the involvement of T regulatory cells in Type 1 Diabetes. We will be discussing the involvement of T regulatory cells and their causes based on primary research. Few studies have been used in this essay to analyze what other researchers have studied about the involvement of T regulatory cells in type 1 Diabetes.

Table of Contents

Abstractii

Introduction1

Discussion3

T Regulatory Cells4

Characterization of Regulatory T cells (T Reg)5

The Underpinnings Of T1D6

T Regulatory Cells and Their Involvement in Type 1 Diabetes7

Environmental Factors7

The Role of CD4 + CD25 + T regulatory cells11

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus13

T Regulatory Cell Therapy15

Pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes16

Pathogenesis of Type 2 Diabetes17

Translating aTregs into cell-based therapy for T1D18

Conclusion20

T Regulatory Cells and Their Involvement in Type 1 Diabetes

Introduction

Immunology is a broad branch of biology and biomedical science that deals with the study of the immune system, defined as the set of organs, tissues and cells that, in vertebrates, whose function is to recognize foreign or external elements giving a response, i.e., immune response (Seddiki et al. 2006: 1693).

Science deals with, among other things, the physiological functioning of the immune system in states of both health and disease, the alterations in the functions of the immune system (autoimmune diseases, hypersensitivities, immune deficiency, rejection of transplants), the physical, chemical and physiological components of the immune system in vitro, in situ, and in vivo.

Diabetes is a chronic disease in which blood glucose (sugar) levels increases due to the scarcity or complete lack of insulin in the body or due to an incorrect response to insulin. Insulin is a hormone that ensures normal assimilation of glucose coming from carbohydrate foods. Glucose is the main source of energy necessary for a man full of life. When there is no insulin or not enough insulin for a human body, the blood glucose level rises. The normal level of glucose in the blood plasma before the meal is up to 6.1 mmol / liter (Santen et al. 2004: 1221).

Currently, the major causes of morbidity, disability and early mortality rates were disease-infectious nature of heart diseases, cancer, and neuropsychological. The increasing importance among them is the problem of diabetes. Thus, in 1994, prevalence in the world was 110.4 million people. In the future, by 2012 it is assumed that the number of diabetic patients will be 239.3 million. The prevalence of the disease increases from 2 to 5% in Western countries and from 10 to 15% in developing countries. This is a serious disease leads to vascular complications (the leading cause of blindness in many countries, and from 4 patients with cardiovascular complications, three of them die), 10-15 years for women and 6-9 years for males expectancy of life (Read et al. 2000: 295).

Although children and adolescents with diabetes represent a fraction of the total number of patients with diabetes type 1 ...