THE USE OF SOFT SYSTEMS

The Use of Soft Systems



The Use of Soft Systems

Introduction

Soft systems analysis (SSA) is a method for investigating problems and planning changes in complex systems. It can also be used to design new systems. It was developed initially by Peter Checkland from Lancaster University. The method can best be seen as a practical working tool, although it has been widely used in applied research. A core issue surrounds the meaning of “soft” as opposed to “hard” systems. The central idea in soft systems thinking is that people see and interpret the world differently. Discrepancies in the views held by individuals are not sources of invalidity or “noise” in the data; rather, differentiation reflects the nature of reality. Pluralism is the norm. In complex systems, individuals or groups are likely to construct quite different views of how the system works, what may be wrong with it, and how it should be improved.

Although recognizing that SSA can be used in a variety of ways, it is easiest to describe in its most straightforward format. The method is organized in a series of relatively formal and well structured stages through which its users work. In practice, considerable iteration can take place between the stages. The analyst initially gathers data about the problem situation (Stage 1), and this is represented in pictorial form (a “rich picture”) (Stage 2). The users of the method (i.e., the analyst and the system participants) then explicitly try looking at the system in a number of different ways, searching for views that add some new light (a “relevant system”) (Stage 3). They select a new perspective on the problem situation and develop a conceptual model of what the system would logically have to do to meet the requirements of this new view (Stage 4). This model is then compared with the existing problem situation to see if there are any lessons for change (Stage 5). These are then discussed by the participants, who decide which should be implemented (Stage 6). Changes that are agreed to are then implemented (Stage 7). If the new view (from Stage 3) does not appear to offer help to the participants, another perspective is tried (i.e., the process returns to Stage 3).

Discussion

Soft Systems Methodology

SSM was developed through the work of researchers from Lancaster University in the 1970s, who found that the methods adopted through well-established "hard" systems approaches were inadequate to address ill-structured, complex, real-world problems faced in management situations. This led to four key ideas that resulted in the development of the first seven-step version of SSM.

The four key ideas were:

In every situation of AR that the researchers undertook people were endeavouring to take purposeful action.

There were many interpretations or worldviews of a declared purpose of a system.

It was not possible to develop a definite model. However, using a variety of models as an organised learning system helped debate and accommodate the various views about the ...