The surface roughness of Lithium disilicate as an implant abutment material in particular the surface roughness related to the gingival attachment

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

This dissertation is an opportunity for me to extend my regards to my research supervisor, my beloved friends, and my family for their untiring support that they furnished throughout my research. I am grateful to them for their belief in me and the guidance that they provided me without which I would have never been able to work on and complete this research. It also signifies my own views and does not closely relate to the university.

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DECLARATION

I, (), would like to declare that all contents included in this study stand for my individual work without any aid, and this proposal has not been submitted for any examination at academic as well as professional level, previously. It is also represents my very own views and not essentially those that are associated with other university.

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LITERATURE REVIEW

Background of the study

The tissues and cell adhesion are one of a main aspect during the new biomaterial development particularly in the field of dentistry. As there are many patients who prefer the work of dentistry is aesthetically pleasing, and various clinicians require searching for new substitute of the titanium implants (Bressan et al, 2011, pp. 631). For this aim, various other materials for instance, ceramics are developed because of their satisfactory cosmetic properties and physicochemical along with their biocompatibility (Valenti, Valentin, 2009, pp. 573). Within the oral cavity, the ceramics use may surpass that of the metallic materials as they possess improved esthetics during the oral rehabilitation of the same quality maintenance (Zhou, Wu, Xiao, 2012, pp. 230). Hence, this material offers integration of biology for filling as well as quality in the long term of fixed dental prosthesis (Gehrt et al, 2013, pp. 275).

Essential developments within the ceramic materials have assisted to form excellent opportunity for the lifelike fabrication restorations which aids to offer long term and reliable results. For the purpose of maximizing the functional requirements of such materials Ivoclar Vivadent, Inc aids in introducing the IPS e.max lithium disilicate glass ceramic, a material which aids to offer optimum esthetics and also possess the strength for enabling the adhesive and conventional cementation. The lithium disilicate IPS e.max possess a crystal structure which is needle like aiming to offer excellent durability and strength along with outstanding optical properties. The lithium disilicate IPS e.max is processed contemporary and pressed traditionally via the technology of CAM/CAD. Due to this versatility and strength, the material is used for application such as thin veneers, Implant restorations, Inlays/onlays, Telescopic crowns, anterior three-unit bridgework (only press) and Veneers.

Dental Applications of Ceramics

There are many dental applications of ceramics, among these two main dental applications can aid to develop the interaction of tissue materials. The ceramic can be utilized for implantology for the purpose of performing the collar implant esthetics and the CAM (computer-aided manufacturing)/CAD (computer-aided design) for filling large cavities with bonded esthetic ...