SPREAD OF ENGLISH

Compare, contrast and critically evaluate two or more models of the spread of English

Compare, contrast and critically evaluate two or more models of the spread of English

Introduction

English originated hundreds of years ago from England. After Romans left, the language was brought by Angles in Celtic island, Germanic groups, Jutes and Saxons. Five hundred years of time duration spread the language in North and West of 'Engleland'. The years of impact of German roots, settlements of Jutes, Angles build the dialects of Anglo-Saxon or Old English language. The Middle English Period changed the way the language was spoken and written. Normal and Orleans French influenced the speaking of English language. The language also faced a change when the Danish influenced the country via Viking invasions. The modern English have faced many changes in pronunciation. The Modern English started from London after the era of 1600s. Globalization has caused English Language to spread in various forms around the world which have not been possible if the language existed within British Isles. The English speaking nations which are Americans, Australians, Indians and others have also changed British English. Globalization continues to produce change and innovation in the language. Future trend can be seen as convergent and diverse (Mullany & Stockwell 2010, 30).

ENL stands for English as a Native Language. This is attributed to those who have taken English as their mother and native language. ESL stands for English as a Secondary Language. This refers to those people where English is not their mother language but it is an official or their secondary language, which makes it nearly mandatory to learn. EFL stands for English as a Foreign Language. It refers to those who consider English as a foreign language which is only important to learn while doing some language course or visiting the country.

Main Body

The spread of English in the globe as the most widely learned foreign language can be studied within two categories of speakers: native and non-native. One of the characteristic features of non-native varieties is the distinction between English as a foreign language (EFL) and English as a second language (ESL). Kachru (1992) identifies the second language varieties of English as institutionalized varieties. The main factors of such diversities are: a wide extent of use, and comprehensive record and approach series, a procedure of nativization of record and technique, and a body of nativized literature (Kachru, 1992).

Kachru's Three-Circle Model of World English

Kachru conceived the idea of ??three concentric circles of the language, only one of which is formed mainly by speakers of white ethnicity (Jennifer 200l, l3). Braj Kachru proposes that one way to safeguard the cultural integrity of the nonnative speaker is to promote those indigenized varieties of English which are established forms of intra-national communication. In a critique of Kachru's in, out, and expanded circles' model, which Graddol believes 'will not be the most useful for describing English usage in the next century' because the centre of the English-speaking world joins together the native-speaking countries ...