[SHELL NIGERIA: WHAT HAS BEEN THE IMPACT OF THEIR CORPORATE ENVIRONMENTAL RESPONSIBILITIES]

by

Acknowledgement

Would take this opening to express gratitude my study supervisor, family and associates for their support and guidance without which this study would not have been possible.

DECLARATION

I, [type your full first titles and last name here], declare that the contents of this dissertation/thesis comprise my own unaided work, and that the dissertation/thesis has not previously been submitted for learned examination in the direction of any qualification. Furthermore, it represents my own opinions and not necessarily those of the University.

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ABSTRACT

This dissertation is based on the topic of “Impact of Shell's Corporate Environmental Responsibilities in Nigeria”. The first chapter introduces the topic, followed by literature review covered in the second chapter. Methodology is presented in chapter three and the findings and discussions are included in the fourth chapter. The dissertation concludes with the fifth chapter that provides summary and implications for future research.



TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT4

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION7

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY7

1.2 STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM8

1.3 OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY9

1.4 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY10

1.5 SCOPE OF THE STUDY11

1.6 RESEARCH QUESTIONS11

CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW12

2.1 INTRODUCTION12

2.2 CONCEPTUAL CLARIFICATIONS12

2.3 CSR DEVELOPMENT AND ITS STAGE MODELS26

2.4. STAGE MODELS28

2.5. CSR AND ETHICS32

2.6 CSR AND STAKEHOLDERS' THEORY34

2.6.1 ETHICAL THEORY- HABERMASIAN POSITION35

2.6.2. KOTTLER'S THEORY OF ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY38

2.7. THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK43

2.8. FOCUS ON STAKEHOLDERS45

2.9. PUBLIC RELATIONS LITERATURE: FOCUS ON PUBLICS46

2.10. THE PUBLIC SPHERE CONCEPT48

2.11. THE ENVIRONMENT ACCORDING TO SHELL48

2.12. SHELL, EXXON MOBIL, TOTALFINALELF AND BRITISH PETROLUEM: CSR POLICIES AND PERSEPECTIVES53

CHAPTER THREE: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY57

3.1 INTRODUCTION57

3.2 RESEARCH DESIGN57

3.3 POPULATION AND SIZE OF THE STUDY57

3.4 RESEARCH INSTRUMENT57

3.5 METHOD OF GATHERING DATA58

3.6 METHOD OF DATA ANALYSIS58

CHAPTER FOUR: ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION59

4.1.ROLE OF SHELL's CSR PRACTICES ON NIGERIA'S ECONOMY59

4.2. SHELL's CONTRIBUTION IN SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENTS IN NIGER DELTA REGION60

4.3. SHELL's POTENCY for AGGRAVATING CIVIL CONFLICTS62

4.4. ENVIRONMENTAL JUSTICE, SHELL AND HOST COMMUNITIES63

4.4.1. WEB SITE63

4.4.2. FOLLOW-UP CAMPAIGN63

4.4.3. VOLUNTEER INITIATIVES64

4.5. ENVIRONMENTAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS ABUSES BY SHELL64

4.6. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL AGENDAS ELIMINATING FROSTY RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SHELL AND HOST COMMUNITIES67

4.7. REPORTING CHARACTERISTICS70

4.7.1. FEEDBACK70

4.7.2. ANNUAL TARGETS AND OBJECTIVES70

4.8. EVOLUTION OF SHELL NIGERIA'S REPORTS71

CHAPTER FIVE: CONCLUSION73

5.1. SUMMARY73

5.1.1. CRITICAL SUCCESS FACTORS74

5.1.2. LINKING ETHICS WITH PROFITS75

5.2. IMPLICATIONS76

CHAPTER SIX: PERSONAL REFLECTION77

6.1.CONCLUSION81

REFERENCES84

CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION

1.1 BACKGROUND TO THE STUDY

In the beginning, Nigeria was an agrarian nation, and no flicker of hope of any investigation could adequately point to the fact that Nigeria was blessed with crude oil deposits in the region of Niger Delta, South- South axis of the country until 1956 when oil was discovered in commercial quantity in Oloibiri, Rivers State. The excellent opportunity offered itself for the influx of foreign investors in oil and gas investment in Nigeria. That is, an open invitation for the global multinational companies in the likes of Shell, Exxon Mobil, Chevron and others to begin oil exploration, and exploitation activities in this region in 1957-58 (Caroll, 1979, 74).

As exploration and exploitation activities began, there was little or no consideration for corporate social responsibility or any form of policies targeted towards ameliorating environmental hazards such as pollutions and human degradations for the investors in this ...