QUESTIONS

Questions

Questions

Question 1 A

The hydrocarbon chain may be arranged in different ways i.e. the carbon 'skeletons' differ, i.e. different structural 'backbones'. The isomers possess the same functional group, and belong to the same homologous series (Lee 2011, pp. 12-18).

Question 1 B

Question 1 C

Isomers are molecules that have the same molecular formula, but have a different arrangement of the atoms in space. That excludes any different arrangements which are simply due to the molecule rotating as a whole, or rotating about particular bonds. There are also endless other possible ways that this molecule could twist itself. There is completely free rotation around all the carbon-carbon single bonds (Mansfield 2005, pp.35-36).

Question 2 A

Question 2 B

Aldehydes and ketones occur widely in nature, and also serve as useful starting materials and solvents in industrial processes. All simple carbohydrates contain a carbonyl group, and more complex carbohydrates are derived from reactions. Simple aldehydes have common names that are widely used. In fact, the common names formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, and benzaldehyde are virtually always used instead of their IUPAC names. Common names all contain the sufi x -aldehyde (Balaban 2007, pp. 23-25).

Question 2 C

Aldehydes and ketones are a group of compounds containing the carbonyl group, C=O. Aldehydes always have a hydrogen atom attached to the carbon of the carbonyl group, so the functional group is -CHO. The functional group is shown by using 'al' in the suffix part of the name e.g. methanal, ethanal, propanal etc. The prefix for the aldehyde name is based on the parent alkane minus the. No number is required for the aldehyde group because the aldehyde group cannot be anything else except carbon atom 1 (Emken 2009, pp. 24-27).

Question 3 A

1-butanol; butan-1-ol; n-Butyl alcohol; n-Propyl carbinol

(R)-(-)-2-Butanol; (R)-(-)-sec-Butanol; (R)-(-)-sec-Butyl alcohol; (R)-butan-2-ol; (S)-(-)-2-Butanol (O¯ki 2003, pp. 13-17)

Question 3 B

Isomerism is the phenomenon of exhibiting two or more compounds with same molecular formula but different physical and chemical properties. Isomers are the compounds showing different physical and chemical properties but same molecular formula. The structural isomerism or constitutional isomerism arises when atoms within a molecule are arranged in different orders. The structural isomers have the same molecular formula but different structural formulae (McMurry 2002, pp. 12-14).

The structural isomers usually show different physical and chemical properties. The chain isomerism arises due to different arrangements of carbon atoms leading to linear and branched chains. The chain isomers have same molecular formula but different types of chains i.e., linear and branched. The chain isomers have almost similar chemical properties but different physical properties. For example, the branched chain isomers have lower boiling points than that of their linear counterparts. It is because, the linear ones have more surface area of contact and hence the intermolecular forces of attraction are maximum (Solomons 2002, pp. 10-13).

Question 3 C

However, there are several ways in which isomers can be nonidentical. Among the alkenes, 1- and 2- butene are position isomers, because in these compounds the double bond has a different position in the carbon chain:

Most, but not all alkenes, also ...