QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

Quantitative and qualitative Research

Quantitative and qualitative Research

Introduction

Quantitative research methodologies are most often associated with scientific investigation of quantifiable properties and their relationships. It uses mathematical models, theories, and hypotheses to measure and portray the empirical associations found in natural phenomena. It is frequently the research methodology employed for inquiry in natural science and social science fields such as physics, biology, psychology, and sociology. Characteristically, quantitative methods use large, random samples from which to gather data, and they require that the researcher remain in a neutral, noninteractive role so as to remove any bias that could affect the outcome of the study. Data are often numerical in nature, collected using reliable and valid tools and methods, and analyzed using statistical techniques. Results and findings are methodically presented following statistical data analyses, focusing on deductive, logical reasoning (Fink, 2005).

Quantitative Proposed Program

The choice of a quantitative research design requires the researcher to formulate an initial, specific hypothesis that will serve to guide the study. Thought and planning must be incorporated into the development of instruments and methods for measurement. Variables must be identified and their control and manipulation must be factored into the research design.

Selection of a quantitative research methodology brings with it structure and format that are commonly accepted as the scholarly progression to conduct such a study.

Approaches to a Quantitative Research Plan

Quantitative research is the method of choice for a researcher who seeks to clarify phenomena through specifically designed and controlled data collection and analysis. Within that methodology lies a broad spectrum of approaches (McNabb, 2009).

Experimental Research

Identifies at least one independent variable for interventions and is manipulated, whereas other, related variables are controlled; effects on dependent variables are observed (e.g., measuring student achievement levels by examining and controlling selected variables such as age, grade level, reading level, time, teacher characteristics, etc.); two subgroups fall within this category: true experimental and quasi-experimental research.

True Experimental Research. Participants are randomly selected and placed into control and experimental groups prior to the intervention; the experimental group receives the intervention and the control group does not; random selection and placement of the participants allows the researcher to control for extraneous variables; this method provides for true causal relationships between independent and dependent variables.

Quasi-Experimental Research. This type of research is used when the researcher cannot or should not randomly assign participants to control and experimental groups; lack of random

Correlational Research

Seeks to examine the degree of relationship that may exist between two or more variables in a single group of participants through collection of relevant data; this type of research cannot definitely identify cause-and-effect relationships because of a lack of random selection and assignment of participants, and because of a lack of variable manipulation; lack of randomization also limits the generalizability of results.

Causal-Comparative Research

Investigates the causes or consequences of existing differences in groups of individuals; may also be referred to as ex post facto research due to the nature of dealing with groups that have already been established ...