PHILOSOPHY

Political Liberalization



Political Liberalization

John Rawls

He was a philosopher, U.S., professor of political philosophy at Harvard University and author of A Theory of Justice (1971), Political Liberalism (1993), The Law of Peoples (1999) and Justice as Fairness: A Restatement (2001). He is widely regarded as one of the most important political philosophers of the twentieth century. His political theory proposes two principles on which to base the notion of justice from an original position in the spirit contractarian political philosopher's classics. Rawls was awarded the “Schock Prize” for Logic and Philosophy and the National Humanities Medal from President Bill Clinton in 1999, in recognition of "his help to revive a generation confidence in democracy."

Liberalism

Liberalism is a philosophy, economic and political, which promotes civil liberties and opposes any form of despotism, appealing to Republican principles and being the current which underlie the representative democracy and the separation of powers (Crisp, 1997, pp. 58-75). Liberalism emerged from the struggle against absolutism and inspired in part the organization of the rule of law with limited powers, which ideally would reduce the role of government security, justice and public works, and subjected to a constitution, which allowed the emergence of liberal democracy during the nineteenth century which is in force in many nations today, especially in the West. Liberalism to promote economic freedom deprived societies where he implemented economic regulations allowing the development of absolutism natural market economy and the rise of progressive capitalism.

Political Liberalism

In order to political liberalism, we have to first understand the Theory of Justice, in which Rawls argues heuristically for a reconciliation of the principles of freedom and equality through the idea of justice as fairness. To achieve this end, the famous central approach to the seemingly insurmountable problem of distributive justice (Bailey, 1997, pp. 125- 140). Later he acknowledged that, he had made the mistake of posing an orderly society with a single doctrine, which was unrealistic, and that modern societies are characterized by various doctrines reasonable not necessarily compatible with each other or accepted in a consensus by all or nearly all citizens. So, later In Political Liberalism, begins to make distinctions between philosophical doctrines, moral and political, both reasonable and unreasonable. It is assumed in political liberalism that the plurality of doctrines in a society is simply the result of human reasoning within the democratic system, and that reasonable comprehensive doctrines do not reject the basic principles of reasoning. Political liberalism, with its plurality in the doctrines, originated as a result of the reformation in the 16th and 17th centuries, which brought freedom of conscience and thought. Political liberalism does not attempt to address moral issues that divide the many doctrines in society, and moral philosophy only is concerned, if it affects the cultural background and comprehensive doctrines that support the institutional regime.

The Basic Structure as Object

John Rawls argues that every society requires the existence of what he calls the "basic structure" of which emerges a theory of justice, utilitarianism, moralism ...