ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE

Organizational Culture

Table of Contents

INTRODUCTION3

DISCUSSION3

From the Concept of Culture to Organizational Culture3

Various Perspectives and Approaches6

Critical Commentary and Future Directions11

CONCLUSION12

REFERENCES14

Introduction

Organizational culture has become one of the central concepts of organizational theories over the past 25 years. This concept can just as easily be used to describe attempts by corporate management to rally employees around common projects, values, or symbols (corporate culture) as to describe the social dynamic of organizations that is constructed on a daily basis through interactions among the various members of these organizations. The concept brings out the importance of certain more or less intangible manifestations or processes of organizational life, such as symbols, values, myths, rituals, ceremonies, stories, legends, and so on, without neglecting more formal aspects, such as work organization, structures, and rules. Organizational culture is the subject of numerous theoretical, methodological, and philosophical debates among the partisans of approaches that are more instrumental, more comprehensive, and more critical.

Discussion

From the Concept of Culture to Organizational Culture

Although somewhat contested, the concept of culture is widely used. There are endless debates about its meaning and its usefulness. Indeed, the concept of culture has never been the subject of so much discussion, both in the field of anthropology, where it originated, and in the field of organizational studies. However, because it has been given so many different definitions, its status remains fragile and is often challenged. (Allaire 1994)

To begin with, it would be a good idea to reflect on the usefulness of the concept of culture. What exactly is its purpose? It is used mainly to identify and denote differences. Which differences? That depends on the researcher's focus, and in part, it is this nuance that contributes to the confusion reigning over the concept of culture. In fact, the principal difference, at the very foundation of anthropology, can be found in the difference between nature and culture. The use of the concept of culture to speak of societies and human beings arises from the desire to emphasize the differences between humans and the rest of the animal kingdom. Human beings are different from other animals. What is the nature of this difference? Mainly, the ability humans have to make representations of the world and to use these representations to transform it. This difference could be, and has been, formulated in other ways, and the advantage of one or another formulation could be argued. But what is essential is the idea that we want to draw attention to the differences and, in so doing, constitute a common core of elements specific to humans (the vaunted universals). Whether these differences are mainly symbolic or material is not important; in any case, they are intertwined. What is important is that they distinguish humans from the rest of the animal kingdom. (Alvesson 2002)

The concept of culture is also used to differentiate human beings from one another, for example, to draw attention to the different societies that humans have built up over centuries in various parts of the ...