Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Introduction3

Traumatic brain injury4

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder4

Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder5

Down syndrome5

Learning disability6

Autism Disorder7

Autism types7

Asperger's Syndrome7

Autism and Prevalence data8

Diagnostic criteria10

Etiological factors11

Genetic Risk Factors11

Prenatal and perinatal risk factors12

Treatment consideration12

Indications/contraindications of medications12

SSRIs13

Anti Psychotic-Risperidone13

Anti-Convulsants13

Stimulants-Ritalin13

Cultural impact14

Prognosis14

Autism Cast study15

Sam: From Gestures to Symbols15

History15

Development and birth16

References18

Neurodevelopmental Disorder

Introduction

Neurodevelopmental disorder is a disorder associated with the disability of functioning of the brain, which may affect working of brain, individual's emotions, attention or learning. It is a general disorder in which core damages influences on development of children (Turkington and Anan, 2007). Neurodevelopmental disorder may result in the following ways when it happens in childhood and infancy:

Autism

Attention deficit disorder

Learning disability

Traumatic brain injury

Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder

Down syndrome

This term is used for disorders which are found normally in the population. According to a survey as (Mitchell, YND);

Autism is 1%

Mental disorder (Schizophrenia) is 1%

Epilepsy is 0.85%

Intellectual disability is 2%

Neuropsychology is the study if behavior and brain relationships. While the neuropsychologist is a person or a doctor who implement the outcomes of knowledge in the concern area to identify and cure of these disorders, in the other disturbances such as central nervous system. Clinical psychology, which is done today, finds its origin year to 1940s, where its impressions are also found from earlier practitioners. As a clinical discipline, it is spreading and growing within the wider prospectus of psychology.

Traumatic brain injury

Traumatic brain injury happens in the result of application of excess external pressure, which causes physical injury to the brain and further it creates barrier internally for brain functioning. If the brain injury is mild then it may cause dis-functioning in the brain for the temporary level. As in case of heavy injury to the brain it can result in bleeding, torn tissues, bruising, or many physical damages to the brain, which can affect brain working for the life time or even death in severe cases. TBI may affect brain directly, and the person may also become a mental patient, socially disturbed, and emotional disability. Due to the advancement of 20th century treatment, the patient with such injury or problem may be recovered with better outcomes. There are many treatments such as surgery, physical therapy, vision therapy, and simple medications for rehabilitation of the patient.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder

FASD covers many disorders occur in person because of the drinking alcohol by mother during pregnancy. Treating of such type of disorder will be totally possible if the mother does not take alcohol during pregnancy. This may cause physical or behavioral disorder in the person. It is the important thing to note that there is no allowance of drinking alcohol during pregnancy nor a suitable time.

Attention deficit/Hyperactivity disorder

It is a disruptive behavior problem caused by current improper attention or/and hyperactivity-impulsivity. The term was changed ADHD officially in DSM-4 from the term which was used earlier as Attention Deficit Disorder. It is commonly characterized primarily by easy distractibility, inattention, and forgetfulness. Different countries adopt different ways of diagnosing it. Diagnosis in UK is based on critical set of symptoms, there children facing this disorder is about in ...