NANOMEDICINE HEALTH AND SAFETY RISKS

Nanomedicine Health and Safety Risks

Abstract

As the research and technical knowledge of nanomedicine tempo ahead, ethics, guideline, and the justice strive to ensnare up. It is valued to proactively address the ethical, public and regulatory characteristics of nanomedicine to minimize its undesirable consequences on the surroundings and public fitness and to avert a public backlash. For centuries, man has explored for miracle remedies to end distress produced by illness and injury. Many examiners trust nanotechnology may be mankind's first “giant step” headed for this goal. Whether these principles are supported on items or expect, more businesses and administrators are keen to invest a many deal of wealth to find out what eventuates when nanotechnology is employed for medicinal requests for paid job - the arising paddock of nanomedicine. Hundreds of millions, if not billions of dollars have been speculated by administrators, for instance the U.S. National Cancer Institute, and the confidential subdivision in nanomedicine examine and nanotech-related life sciences ventures.

Table of Contents

ABSTRACT2

INTRODUCTION4

NANOSIZED DRUG6

NANO CONSIGNMENT SCHEMES FOR THERAPEUTICS AND DIAGNOSTICS7

NANODELIVERY SCHEMES FOR GENE THERAPY10

NANOMEDICAL DEVICES10

CELL/TISSUE TECHNOLOGY AND THE NANOROBOT10

NANOTOXICOLOGY11

REGULATORY FRAMEWORK REQUIRED FOR NONCLINICAL TOXICITY TESTING OF NANOMEDICINE16

NANOMEDICINE TODAY19

IMMUNOISOLATION19

GATED NANOSIEVES20

ULTRAFAST DNA SEQUENCING20

FULLERENE-BASED PHARMACEUTICALS21

NANOSHELLS22

SINGLE-VIRUS DETECTORS23

TECTODENDRIMERS23

RADIO-CONTROLLED BIOMOLECULES24

BIOLOGIC ROBOTS25

MEDICAL NANOROBOTICS OF TOMORROW27

RESPIROCYTES28

MICROBIVORES29

CONCLUSIONS31

REFERENCES34

Nanomedicine Health and Safety Risks

Introduction

Nanomedicine, which engages the use of nanotechnology in pharmaceutical development, offers ever more stimulating pledges of new identifies and cures. It has been defined as the supervising, repair, building and command of human biological schemes at the molecular grade, using engineered nanodevices and nanostructures (Miller, 2003). Ananometer is one-billionth of a meter. The difference between nanomedicine and accepted pharmaceuticals is that nanomedicine is entirely founded on little molecule chemistry. It not only covers the therapeutic agencies themselves, but promise to blend the adeptness to consign those agencies to specific districts or tissues in the body, to specific cells, perhaps to a exact position inside a cell, and also to make issue of the therapeutic responsive to a physiological condition and perform exact task (Sherman, 2004). Applications of nanotechnology in surgery are potentially enormous. It is identified that as particles get lesser, the surface locality increases with a larger percentage of atoms/molecules discovered at the exterior compared to those inside. Nanoparticles, therefore, have a much bigger exterior locality per unit mass contrasted with larger particles. The increase in the surface-to-volume ratio outcomes in the increase of the particle exterior power (possibly due to quantum effect) and may render them more biological reactive (Issues in Debate, 2005 and Oberdörster et al., 2005b). The advanced biological undertaking can be either positive and desirable (e.g., antioxidant activity, carrier capability for therapeutics, penetration of cellular obstacles for drug consignment) or contradictory and undesirable (e.g., toxicity, induction of oxidative tension or of cellular dysfunction), or a blend of both (Oberdörster et al., 2005a). Therefore, by giving them in a different way, compounds that have the same chemical composition and equation but are not therapeutically useful in bulk-sized equivalent may have properties that were not recognised ...