MUSLIM RACISM

Muslim Racism in Europe

Introduction3

Diversified Terminologies3

History - A root-cause of discrimination5

The Conquest and its Aftermath5

French Contribution5

The English Variant6

Modern Discrimination - the continuation of Discontent6

Condition across the Europe6

Revival of Anti-Islamic Political Parties7

The War on Terror's Impact7

The Europe's Perspective9

Post 9/11 Scenario9

The Firewalling Agenda10

Security Services and their roles10

Religious Profiling11

The Endless Media Trial12

Conclusion13

References14

Muslim Racism in Europe

Introduction

Racism is a confusing and greatly complex phenomenon. However, this is due to the racism that has exceeded and applied to non-racial as well as non-biological groups of individuals having a difference in nations, culture, linguistics as well as traditional values.

As far as the paper is under consideration, the diversity of terminologies in relation with the hostility against the Muslims in the near past and in history. Mostly, three terms of anti-Muslim racism', and 'Islamophobia' are commonly in used and quite oftenly quoted. An understanding about these terms also aids us to achieve the desired target of paper.

Apart from that, the second section of the paper will focus on the pre-9/11 history of hostilities between the Muslims and the Europe. This basically involves the historic era of Muslim in Pre-9/11 era along with the inequalities caused by the events caused by the Muslim immigrants. Finally, the paper concludes on the consequences of the on-going hostilities that were followed for decades. Moreover, the paper will focus mostly on American as well as British perspectives.

Diversified Terminologies

Before proceeding further to the topic, the terms or phrases that are commonly mentioned conveying negative feeling and thoughts against Muslims needs to be addressed, The most widely used term is of Islamophobia and is under use widely by various countries, international organizations and most academic observers. However, there are other words; like, 'anti-Muslim racism', 'anti-Muslim prejudice', 'demonization of Islam', 'anti- Muslim bigotry', 'Muslimophobia', 'anti-Muslimism', 'intolerance against Muslims', 'anti-Islamism','hatred of Muslims', 'jihadists', 'Muslim jihadists' and 'demonization of Muslims' are some of the words that are frequently used to convey the same meaning in the world.

Additionally, there are similar variants of these words languages other than English. In the context of German language, there is a vast competition between two words; 'Islamophobie' and 'Islamfeindlichkeit', in which the later one is used to imply hostility, and not anxiety. Similar words exist in French, too. There are three words which are commonly used, the first one is the 'Islamophobie' and the other two are 'anti-arabe' or 'recisme anti- maghrébin'. The last two turn of phrases indicate the reflections of discrimination as seen in the type of anti-immigrant racism, which have roots in former French domain and not due to culture and/or religion. Another Scandinavian term, 'Muslihat' is usually used in context with the words 'Muslim hatred' or more precisely 'hatred of Muslims' which is resonant with the terms of 'incitement of hatred'.

All these terms don't reflect anything related to the difference in culture and understanding. Rather, they reflect the views on influences, causes, driving forces as well as the key feature along with different proposals and/or practical agendas related to media ...