Microbiology

Microbiology

Q NO 1

In order to survive the presence of an antibiotic, the bacterial organisms that are present in the body must be able to disrupt the following steps:

Through the prevention antimicrobial from the attainment of its target, this could be done by reducing its ability of penetration inside the cell. The antimicrobial compounds require access to the bacterial cell in order to accomplish their target successfully, so it can interfere in the normal function of the organisms of bacteria (Pommerville, 2006). The porin channels serves as the passage ways through which these antibiotics normally go across the outer membrane of bacteria. Some of the bacteria protect themselves through prohibiting themselves behind the antimicrobial compounds. This strategy has currently been observed

Pseudomonas aeruginosa against imipenem (a beta-lactam antibiotic)

Enterobacter aerogenes and Klebsiella spp. against imipenem

Vancomycin intermediate-resistant S. aureus or VISA strains with thickened cell wall trapping vancomycin

Through the expulsion of the antimicrobial agents from the cells this is done through specific efflux pumps, in order to be effective the antimicrobial agents should be present in high concentrations within the bacterial cells. Some of these bacteria consist of membrane proteins, these proteins act in the form of efflux pump for the antimicrobials, extruding the antibiotic out of the cell as fast as it can enter. This results in a low amount of intracellular concentrations, which are highly sufficient for the elicitation of an effect. There are some efflux pumps which extrude the antibiotics such as: macrolides, lincosamides, and tetracyclines, however there are others that are known as multiple drug resistant pumps, these pumps expel wide variety structurally diverse anti-infectives with different modes of action. This strategy has currently been observed in:

E.coli and other Enterobacteriaceae against tetracyclines

Enterobacteriaceae against chloramphenicol

Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus pneumoniae against fluoroquinolones

Through the inactivation ...