MEDICAL-NURSING

Hemorrhagic stroke

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Hemorrhagic stroke

Hemorrhagic Stroke

The hemorrhagic stroke (CVA) is characterized by bleeding in a part of the brain as a result of rupture of a blood vessel. It can occur inside the brain or brainstem (intracerebral hemorrhagic stroke) or into the meninges (subarachnoid hemorrhage). The intraparenchymal hemorrhage (HIP) is the most common subtype of cerebral hemorrhage and affects approximately 15% of all cases of stroke. The stroke is a disease characterized by the acute onset of a neurological deficit (decreased function) which persists for at least 24 hours (Runchey, & McGee, 2010, pp.2280-2286), reflecting focal involvement of the central nervous system as a result of a disturbance in cerebral circulation that leads to a reduction in the contribution oxygen to brain cells adjacent to the site of damage and consequent death of these cells; begins abruptly, and the maximum neurological deficit at the beginning, and may evolve over time. The term transient hemorrhagic attack (TIA) refers to temporary neurological deficit lasting less than 24 hours until full return to normal, when the deficit lasts beyond 24 hours, with a return to normal is said as a reversible hemorrhagic neurological deficit (DNIR) (Ma, Manaenko, Khatibi, Chen, Zhang, & Tang, 2010, pp.881-893).

Pathophysiology of Hemorrhagic Stroke

Nerve tissue is fully dependent on blood supply to the nerve cells remain active, since it has no reservations. The interruption of blood flow and consequent lack of glucose and oxygen required for metabolism, they cause a diminution or cessation of functional activity in the brain area affected. If the interruption of the blood supply takes less than 3 minutes (Linares, & Mayer, 2009, pp.S243-S249), the change is reversible; however, if exceeding 3 minutes, the functional changes may be irreversible, resulting necrosis of nerve tissue (González-Pérez, Gaist, Wallander, McFeat, & García-Rodríguez, 2013).

Stroke may be caused by two different mechanisms by occlusion or bleeding. An hemorrhagic stroke occurs when a blood vessel is blocked, often by formation of an atherosclerotic plaque or presence of a clot that comes through the movement of another part of the body. Atherosclerosis results in the formation of plaque and progressive stenosis. The sequelae are then stenosis, ulceration, thrombosis and atherosclerotic lesions (Steiner, Vincent, Morris, Davis, Vallejo-Torres, & Christensen, 2011, pp.287-294).

The cerebral thrombosis refers to the formation or development of a blood clot or thrombus within the cerebral arteries or their branches. The thrombus may be displaced "traveling" to another location, in the form of a piston. The portions are small cerebral emboli and thrombi matter, tissue, fat, air, bacteria or other foreign bodies which are released into the blood stream moving up and cerebral arteries, producing occlusion and myocardial. Stroke can also occur by a transient hemorrhagic attack. This refers to the temporary interruption of blood supply to the brain (Chen, Yao, Norris, Kruyer, Jno-Charles, Akhmerov, & Strickland, 2013, pp.381-395).

Risk factors

High blood pressure

Elevated blood pressure is the most common and devastating factor of both the coronary heart disease and stroke. The continuous pressure on the walls of arteries cause harm ...