Measures and their Effectiveness to reduce road traffic gas pollution: Comparison of Westminster Council in London and the Department for Transport

ABSTRACT

Today's world has been advancing on rapid pace and coming with more and more significant developments. However, with these developments there come some negative threats as well. Among these threats, one of the most increasing and highlighted negative aspect is air pollution which is impacting our environment in most hazardous ways. Road traffic gas emission is one of the major contributors in this pollution. Though considering the seriousness of the adverse impacts it holds, several authorities have taken initiatives for reducing the gas pollution created by road vehicles. Where, Westminster Council of UK and Department for Transport are among the two main sources contributing in reducing the road transport gas pollution. This report discusses the measures implemented by both of these authorities and compares their effectiveness at various levels or aspects.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

First and foremost all my praises and thanks go to the GOD, who has given me the strength and patience for completing my research report and has provided me with the ability and knowledge essential for conducting this study. Afterwards, I would sincerely like to thank my research advisor, whose guidance; knowledge; and patience enabled me to carry out and complete my research report. Further, I am also obliged to state my gratitude and thanks to all the faculty and staff members for their encouragement and inspiration. Last but far from least, i owe my sincerest gratitude and thanks to my family and friends for their guidance and support throughout my research study, and without whom this study would not have been possible.

TABLE OF CONTENT

ABSTRACTII

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTIII

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION1

1.1Introduction1

1.2Background of the Study1

1.3Aims and Objectives3

1.4Significance of the Study4

1.5Research Questions5

1.6Layout of Study6

1.7Summary7

CHAPTER 02: BACKGROUND & LITERATURE REVIEW9

2.1Introduction9

2.2Impacts of Air Pollution9

2.3Road Traffic is a Major Source of Air Pollution in UK11

2.4Strategies Implemented by Westminster Council of London to Reduce Road Traffic Gas Pollution15

2.4.1Low Emission Forms of Transport & Car Club18

2.4.2Westminster Council Air Quality Action Plan & Low Emission Zone19

2.4.3Taxis & Mayor's Air Quality Strategy20

2.4.4Westminster Council's Cooperation with Mayor of London21

2.4.5Target Pollution Hot-Spot & Routes, and Cooperation with Transport for London (TfL)22

2.5Strategies Implemented by Department for Transport to Reduce Road Traffic Gas Pollution23

2.5.1Setting Appropriate Speed Limits23

2.5.2City of London24

2.5.3Cycling and Walking25

2.5.4Setting Fuel Standards27

2.5.5TRAMAQ Programme28

2.6Summary28

CHAPTER 03: METHODOLOGY31

3.1Introduction31

3.2Research Design31

3.3Research Method31

3.4Data Analysis Method32

3.5Ethical Consideration32

3.6Summary33

CHAPTER 04: RESULTS & DISCUSSION34

4.1Road Traffic is the Major Source of Air Pollution34

4.2Measures Taken by Westminster Council35

4.3Measures Taken by Department for Transport37

4.4Comparison with Respect to Effectiveness38

CHAPTER 05: CONCLUSION & RECOMMENDATION44

5.1Recommendations45

REFERENCES46

APPENDIX50

CHAPTER 01: INTRODUCTION

Introduction

This chapter covers an overview of the topic i.e. various possible measures taken to reduce road traffic gas pollution (gas from the road/vehicle) as implemented by Westminster Council of London and to compare such measures with those of the Department for Transport including how effective they are and on what level/aspect. It includes the background of this research study and what this study is inclined to illustrate. In addition to this, this chapter provides information on what significances this study holds and outlines ...