MATERIAL ENGINEERING

Properties and Application of Engineering Materials

List of Figures4

List of Tables5

Question-016

Ferrous (Iron)6

Polymer7

Ceramic- diamond9

Composite10

Smart material- shape memory alloy11

Question-0212

Family Tree Diagram12

Question-03 Properties of Materials14

Copper Wires and its properties14

Question-04 Processing and Structural Changes15

Glass Forming15

Pultrusion Process and Composites17

SteelMaking Process and Structural Implication18

Smart Materials and Vacuum Induction Melting20

Question-05 Industrial Application of Copper21

Question-06 Kitchen Flooring and Piping23

Question-0723

Question-0925

Destructive Testing (Tensile Strength of Carbon steel Specimen)25

Question-10 Tensile Testing - Explained28

Question-11 Testing Implications29

Question-12 Degradation Process30

Question-13 Degradation Explanation32

References33

Appendices37

Appendix A: Classification of Polymer. (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, p. 550).37

Appendix B: Glass Transition and Melting Phenomenon in Amorphous (A) polymers, Semi-crystalline (B) polymers and totally crystalline solids. (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, p. 593).38

Appendix C: Electron Micrograph of single Crystal of PE (Poly Ethylene) at 20,000x (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, p. 512).39

Appendix D: Periodic Table (Ncerthelp.com, 2013).40

Appendix E: Composite Processing Routes (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, pp. 659-660).41

Appendix F: Complete Smart-Material Processing Diaspora (Keytometals.com, 2013)42

Appendix G: Photograph of galvanic corrosion at the bilge pump's inlet (Callister and Rethwisch, 2006, p. 641)43

Appendix H: Resistance to Degradation of various Plastics (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, p. 708)44

Appendix I: Thermal Properties of various metals, alloys, ceramics and polymers (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, p. 785).45

List of Figures

Figure 1: Electronic Structure of Atomic Iron (EnvironmentalChemistry.com).7

Figure 2: a-iron and ?-iron Crystal Lattice (Zapp News, 2013).7

Figure 3: Poly-ethylene Repeating Unit (Tanksystems.com, 2012)7

Figure 4Crystal Lattice of Diamond (Phycomp.technion.ac.il, 2013)8

Figure 5: An electron microscope showing rubber tread compound having spherically shaped carbon-black fibers. (Callister, W.D. and Rethwisch, D.G., 2009, p, 632)9

Figure 6:Family Tree Diagram of Metals and Non-Metals11

Figure 7: Glass Forming Process (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, p. 516)13

Figure 8: Poly Propylene Film Extrusion and Drawing Process (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, p. 615)14

Figure 9: Pultrusion Process Schematic Diagram (Callister and Rethwisch, 2009, p.658)14

Figure 10: Oxygen Convertor Process (Ibm.nic.in, 2013)15

Figure 11: Schematic of Vacuum Induction Melting Furnace (Home.iitk.ac.in, 2013).17

Figure 12: Typical Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Equipment (Unina.stidue.net, 2013)21

Figure 13: Pulse Velocity and Concrete Quality (Kumar and Verma, 2006, pp. 31-33)22

List of Tables

Table 1: Mechanical Properties20

Table 2: Data Recorded for Pulse Testing21

Properties and Application of Engineering Materials

Question-01

Ferrous (Iron)

Iron is quite commonly found in our daily life and is present as blood constituent as well as in the form of naturally occurring resource. A huge amount of structural objects are made up with their use. However, Iron is quite susceptible to oxidation which results in severe corrosion of the metal. In order to prevent corrosion, iron is quite oftenly coated with different metals to provide a hindering layer against corrosion. However, it is found that the ferric ion is solely responsible for the rusting process. Hence, most of the ferrous salts are insoluble in water. The basic representation shows only two electrons in the outer most shell. Being a famous metal, it is electron donor and either ends in ferrous (Fe++) or ferric ion (Fe+++). Iron has two electrons in its valence or outermost shell (Ar3d64s2 ) and are present in the 4th shell. In most of the cases, these two electrons are donated because it is quite far from the iron nucleus and are more susceptible to be ...