LITERATURE REVIEW

Predictive, Adaptive Methods & PID- Buildings



Predictive, Adaptive Methods &PID- Buildings

Because of both the global energy crisis and the necessary improvement of energy efficiency in buildings, one of the largest sectors of energy consumption and greenhouse gases emissions, a strategy allowing managing energy resources is proposed. (Kolokotsa, 2005, pp. 93-99) Its aim is reducing energy consumption and promoting the use of renewable energy, while ensuring thermal comfort, when heating "multi-energy" buildings, thanks to indoor temperature control schemes. (Gonzalez, 2005, pp. 595-601) Three schemes (based on a commonly-used PID controller and on the combination of PID and model predictive or fuzzy controllers) were tested in simulation, using dynamic models describing the thermal behaviour of a building, and fully met the management strategy's requirements, especially reducing the consumption of fossil energy. (Dounis, 2009, pp. 1246- 1261) Three criteria describing the way energy is used and controlled in real-time were defined with the aim of evaluating the control schemes performance and adapting the strategy to the specific use of a building. (Mathews, 2000, pp. 135-159)

The European energy context reveals that the building, industry and transport sectors are the three largest sectors of energy consumption. As a consequence, the Directive "Energy Performance of Building" (EPBD), focusing on energy use in buildings and urging the members of the European Union (EU) of improving energy efficiency, has been adopted. In France, where 25% of greenhouse gases emissions and 46% of energy consumption are due to buildings, both the "Thermal Regulation 2005" and the "Energy Performance Diagnosis" are in agreement with the just-mentioned Directive's recommendation and are more and more rigorous about energy performance. (Dounis, 2009, pp. 1246- 1261) Usually, the building's Energy Performance Indicator (EPI) is calculated to classify buildings. Unfortunately, this global indicator expresses the amount of energy consumption only, without any explanation. It does not dissociate the various energy consumption components and does not explain how energy is consumed in buildings. (Dounis, 2009, pp. 1246- 1261)As a consequence, proposing efficient control approaches (as well as new evaluation criteria) allowing ensuring thermal comfort, while reducing significantly energy consumption, has become mandatory. (Qin, 2003, pp. 733-764)

Taking a look at the state of the art about energy in buildings, one can highlight the way this theme is handled by researchers... (Mathews, 2000, pp. 135-159) However, energy management in buildings is not really correlated with energy savings and clear strategies to optimize the use of several (fossil and renewable) energy resources are not defined. Moreover, these works are often devoted to the specific use of a given building. (Chen, 2006, pp. 420-426) That is why the present work deals with an efficient and widely adaptable strategy allowing managing fossil and renewable energy resources in buildings (one speaks of "multi-energy" buildings). Indoor temperature control schemes were developed with the aim of both favouring energy savings and increasing the renewable energy contribution, while ensuring thermal comfort. (Dounis, 2009, pp. 1246- 1261) Because of its significant impact on energy consumption, heating is the ...